Design And Construction Of 2kw Solar Panel Inverter

Project and Seminar Material For Electrical Electronics Engineering EEE
Abstract
This project is about the design and construction of 2KW 230 volts solar panel inverter at a frequency of 50Hz.
The device is constructed with locally sourced components and materials of regulated standard.
The basic principle of its operation is a simple conversion of 12V DC from a battery using integrated circuits and semiconductors at a frequency of 50Hz, into a 230V AC across the windings of a transformer. A solar panel is used to charge the battery using a solar charge controller.
This project (device) offers a better alternative to Public Power Supply, Generators as well as UPS considering it is cost effective, noiseless and easy maintainability.
List Of Figures
- Figure 2.1 shows the circuit diagram designed by Swagatam Majumdar
- Figure 2.2 shows the IC SG3524
- Figure 2.3 shows the IC 4066
- Figure 2.4 shows the variable resistor
- Figure 2.5 shows the fixed resistor
- Figure 2.6 shows the diode IN4007
- Figure 2.7 shows the capacitor
- Figure 2.8 shows the NE555 Timer
- Figure 2.9 shows the Transistor
- Figure 2.10 shows the LM393 Comparator
- Figure 2.11 Shows the LM317 Regulator
- Figure 3.1 shows the Solar Panel Inverter Block Diagram
- Figure 3.2 schematic diagram of solar panel connected to the battery
- Figure 3.3 schematic diagram of solar panel connected to the battery with solar regulator 32 Figure 3.5 Schematic diagram of an Inverter
- Figure 3.4 Show the complete circuit diagram of the 2KW solar panel inverter
- Figure 3.6 shows the primary and secondary winding of a transformer
- Figure 4.1 shows the inverter casing
Table Of Content
Preliminary Page(s)
- Certification
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Abstract
- List Of Figures
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Statement of Problem
- 1.3 Aim and Objectives
- 1.3.1 Aim
- 1.3.2 Objectives
- 1.4 Scope of Study
- 1.5 Significance of the Project
- 1.6 Inverters
- 1.6.1 Central Inverters
- 1.6.2 Micro Inverters
- 1.7 The BOS (Balance of System)
- 1.8 Solar Panels
- 1.8.1 Solar Panel Poly or Mono
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Components used for the design
- 2.2.1 IC SG3524
- 2.2.1.1 Description
- 2.2.1.2 Features
- 2.2.1.3 Overview
- 2.2.2 IC 4066
- 2.2.2.1 General Description
- 2.2.2.2 Features
- 2.2.3 Variable Resistor
- 2.2.3.1 Variable Resistor Connection
- 2.2.3.2 Types of Variable Resistor
- 2.2.3.3 Uses of variable Resistors
- 2.2.3.4 Preset Variable Resistor
- 2.2.4 Fixed Resistor
- 2.2.5 Diode IN4007
- 2.2.5.1 Features
- 2.2.5.2 Typical applications
- 2.2.6 Capacitor (47uf/50v, 10uf/50v)
- 2.2.7 Transistor (BD139, C1815, A1015)
- 2.2.7.1 Description (BD139)
- 2.2.7.2 Features (BD139)
- 2.2.7.3 Features (C1815)
- 2.2.7.4 Features (A1015)
- 2.2.8 Timer (NE555)
- 2.2.8.1 Description
- 2.2.8.2 Features
- 2.2.8.3 Application Information
- 2.2.9 Comparator (LM393)
- 2.2.9.1 Description
- 2.2.9.2 Features
- 2.2.10 Regulator (LM117/LM317)
- 2.2.10.1 Description
- 2.2.10.2 Features
- 2.2.11 MOSFET
Chapter Three
3.0 Methodology
- 3.1 Block Diagram of the System
- 3.2 System Operation with block diagram
- 3.3 Calculating the load
- 3.3.1 Types of Load
- 3.4 Calculate the Size of Solar Panels to Supply the Load
- 3.4.1 Peak Sun Hours
- 3.5 Solar Panel Positioning
- 3.5.1 Connecting Your Solar Panels – Direct Connection
- 3.6 Solar Regulators
- 3.7 Solar Panel Sizing
- 3.8 Determination of the Oscillating Frequency
- 3.9 The Drain Current of the MOSFET
- 3.10 Design of the Inverter Circuit
- 3.11 The Battery
- 3.12 The AC Mains Supply
- 3.13 The AC Mains Sensor
- 3.14 The Oscillator
- 3.15 The Driver and the Output Amplifier
- 3.16 The Inverter Transformer
- 3.16.1 Working Principle of Transformer
- 3.16.2 Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- 3.16.3 Main Constructional Parts of Transformer
- 3.17 The battery Charger
- 3.18 The Change Over
- 3.19 Inverter AC Output
- 3.20 Protections
- 3.21 Indicators
- 3.22 Switch
Chapter Four
4.0 Results And Discussion
- 4.1 Discussion
- 4.2 Testing of the Inverter under load condition
- 4.3 Construction
- 4.4 Casing
Chapter Five
5.0 Conclusion And Recommendation
- 5.1 Conclusion
- 5.2 Recommendation
- Reference
Chapter One
Introduction
1,1 Background of Study
The solar inverter is a critical component in a solar energy system. It performs the conversion of the variable DC output of the Photovoltaic (PV) module(s) into a clean sinusoidal 50 or 60 Hz AC current that is then applied directly to the commercial electrical grid or to a local, off-grid electrical network. A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell) is the smallest solid-state device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. A Photovoltaic (PV) module is an assembly of cells in series or parallel to enlarge or increase voltage and/or current. A Panel is an assembly of modules on a structure. An Array is an assembly of panels at a site. Typically, communications capability is included so users can monitor the inverter and report on power and operating conditions, provide firmware updates and control the inverter grid connection.
At the heart of the inverter is a real-time microcontroller. The controller executes the very precise algorithms required to invert the DC voltage generated by the solar module into AC. This controller is programmed to perform the control loops necessary for all the power management functions necessary including DC/DC and DC/AC. The controller also maximizes the power output from the PV through complex algorithms called maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The PV maximum output power is dependent on the operating conditions and varies from moment to moment due to temperature, shading, soilage, cloud cover, and time of day so adjusting for this maximum power point is a continuous process. For systems with battery energy storage, the
controller can control the charging as well as switch over to battery power once the sun sets or cloud cover reduces the PV output power. (Aditee P. Bapat et al 2013)
1.2 Statement of Problem
If there is one factor that has perpetually maintained the status of Nigeria as a less developed country, it is its electricity sector.Till date, many households and businesses cannot be guaranteed of 24 hours supply of electricity from the public grid. At this stage of Nigeria’s social and economic development, the country cannot deliver adequate energy to the citizens despite huge financial resources that have been expended in the sector.
Rather, Nigerians have continued to rely on electricity generators for their power supply, fuel marketers are taking significant portion of households’ and businesses’ incomes to supply power, noise pollution from regular humming generators have become integral part of living for many Nigerians with imaginable consequences on their health. Because of these problems, there is a need to design and construct the solar panel inverter which will complement the electricity supply from the public grid. It is less noisy and does not have any consequence(s) on human health. (Lookman Oshodi 2014)
1.3 Aim and Objectives
1.3.1 Aim
The aim of this project is to design and construct a 2000Watt solar panel inverter.
1.3.2 Objectives
The objectives of this project are;
- To provide efficiency, steadiness in the use of power appliances, by ensuring continuous availability of power supply even in the absence of mains.
- To eliminate all suspense from mains outage during the execution of an important and urgent assignment as may be required.
- To design a simple and rugged technology; this will utilize the appropriate use of home or local electrical appliances.
1.4 Scope of Study
This solar power source makes it possible to provide a clean reliable supply of alternative electricity free of sags or surges which could be found in the line voltage frequency (50Hz). This project design aims at creating a 2000watts power source which can be utilized as a regular power source by remote rural industries and private individuals at home or in the office. This project involves the design and construction of a 2000Watt Solar PV (photovoltaic) system which involves a solar panel, car battery and an inverter. Furthermore, as a consumer is generating his or her own electricity they also will benefit from a reduction in their electricity bills.
1.5 Significance of the Project
The solar inverter is the second most important (and second most expensive) component of a solar PV system. It’s important because it converts the raw Direct Current (DC) solar power that is produced by your solar panels into Alternating Current (AC) power that comes out of the wall sockets. Inverters also have technology that maximizes the power output of that DC energy.
The use of solar power has many advantages. First, the energy from the sun is free and readily accessible in most parts of the world. Moreover, the sun will keep shining until the world’s end. Also, silicon from which most photovoltaic cells are made is an abundant and nontoxic element (the second most abundant material in the earth’s crust).
Second, the whole energy conversion process is environmentally friendly. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases. The burning of natural resources for energy can create smoke, cause acid rain and pollute water and air. Carbon dioxide, CO2, a leading greenhouse gas, is also produced in the case of burning fuels. Solar power uses only the power of the sun as its fuel. It creates no harmful by-product and contributes actively to the reduction of global warming.
1.6 Inverters
The inverter takes DC power from the charged battery bank and converts it to AC power for the typical household lights and appliances. Once the number of watt-hours required for a day is determined, the peak loads need to be ascertained to properly size the inverter. This is the amount of watts used based on all appliances and loads that will be running at one time. A water pump and washing machine motor is an example of what may be the peak load requirements. A 1/2 HP (horse power) pump and washing machine will use about 1875 (adjusted) watts per hour. If this represents the total peak loads, an inverter that will be able to supply at least 1875 watts of continuous power from the battery bank; say one in the 2000 watt range will be needed. It’s a good idea to start out the system with the size of inverter you plan to grow into, as upgrading to newer, larger models is costly. (Pure Energies 2014)
There are two basic types of inverters.
Central Inverters
Central inverters are well-tested and reliable systems that have been around for decades. These are the most common types of inverters. With central inverters, every solar panel is wired in a “string” to the inverter box. The conversion from DC to AC occurs at one central location, such as a garage.
Because the solar panels are wired in “series,” each panel’s power output depends on all of the panels working. For example, In a string of Christmas tree lights. If one bulb goes out, the whole string of lights go out until the bad bulb is replaced. So, if shade from a tree covers one panel, it can seriously diminish the power produced by the whole solar system until the shade clears. This is why an accurate shade analysis is so important.
Micro Inverters
Micro inverters are relatively new to solar. Instead of converting the DC to AC power at a central location, micro inverters are installed right under each solar panel. The main advantage to micro inverters is the ability for each solar panel to transmit power into the house. In other words, each panel produces its own solar power and keeps producing out solar watts regardless of what happening to the panel beside it. The down side of micro inverters is that they can be more expensive and take more labour cost to replace each inverter. Also, because they are so new, micro inverter reliability is unproven outside of lab testing. (Pure Energies 2014)
1.7 The BOS (Balance of System)
There are many other less well known and less expensive parts to a solar system. Installers typically wrap these up into “The BOS” or “Balance of System.”
The balance of system includes components such as wiring, emergency DC disconnects, system monitoring hardware, the frames or “racking” that holds your panels to the roof and at the right angle, nuts, bolts, roof “flashing” to prevent leaks, and more. (Pure Energies 2014)
1.8 Solar Panels
Solar Panels can be used for charging your batteries. They provide a good solution for those that want to be self-sufficient and go on long camping missions through remote areas. They are available in various voltage and power ratings. More than one solar panel can be used in parallel to combine their power output. Solar panels joined in parallel work most efficiently if they are the same. If they are the same, you can design it so that they both generate power at their optimal operating points. Mixing different panels together gives a compromised operating point. It will work but the panels will not operate as efficiently.
Solar Panel Poly or Mono
Silicon solar panels have two basic construction methods – polycrystalline or monocrystalline. There are slight differences between poly and mono cells. Mono are slightly more expensive, require more energy to make, and are slightly more efficient. Poly are slightly cheaper, use less energy to make so are better for the environment, are slightly less efficient but have a slightly better temperature coefficient. That means at elevated temperatures the poly cells become more efficient.
The differences are only slight. It is largely irrelevant. A solar panel with good efficiency and good temperature coefficient is to be used whether it is poly or mono, it does not matter.
Chapter Five
Conclusion And Recommendation
Conclusion
The construction of this 2000Watts (2KW), 220Volts inverter at a 50Hz frequency was a gradual process from gathering of materials to testing of components. The project was intended to supply 2000 watts of energy to serve as another source of alternative energy besides the diesel engine. The construction was a successful one and worked efficiently as intended. The solar system worked effectively and cost no further operational cost. When compared to a 1.5 KVA petrol generator, it was costly but for the initial expenses. However it was later seen to be cheap since the system needed no petrol to operate but sunlight which was nature’s free gift. The solar cell acted as a source of charger to the battery and inverting the power stored using an inverter into usable power for any load. The power output was usable for many domestic appliances that are sensitive to having sinusoidal inputs.
Recommendation
Although the objectives of this project have been achieved, the inverter cannot be used to power any device of higher power rating. Increasing the power rating of the inverter by increasing the number of the power switching devices and the current rating of the transformer would be recommended. The solar power system was a convenient way of producing an alternative means of power supply to supplement the mains failure. It was advantageous to user who could afford its initial cost of installation. There would be need to add up more batteries to meet up with the running time and the system load capacity since the system had an adjusted wattage. That is more batteries could be added to increase the capacity of the system to accommodate more load.


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