Knowledge And Practice Of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers Of Under Two Children In Liman Katagum Community
Knowledge And Practice Of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Mothers Of Under Two Children In Liman Katagum Community
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community. Specifically, the study was structured to ascertain if mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community knows about exclusive breast feeding, determine if mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community practice exclusive breast feeding, and identify how often mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community breastfeed. The study employed the survey descriptive research design. Hence, the questionnaire was used for data collection which was raised against a four Likert scale of Strongly Agree(SA), Agree(A), Disagree(SD) and Strongly Disagree(D) while the data collected were analyzed using frequency tables. The hypotheses test was conducted using chi-square statistical tool. A total of 147 respondents were conveniently selected as sample size comprising of mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community, and 141 were validated. From the responses obtained and analyzed, the findings revealed that mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community knows what exclusive breastfeeding is. The study also showed that mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community practices exclusive breastfeeding. The study therefore recommends that advertisement of baby formulas should be followed with disclaimers that exclusive breast feeding is the best option for both mothers and infants. And implementation of national health education campaigns that encourage women to breastfeed, especially during pregnancy by all primary health care nurses.
Keywords: Reproductive age women, Exclusive, Breastfeeding.
Table of Content
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypothesis
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Limitation of the Study
- 1.9 Definition of Terms
- 1.10 Organizations of the Study
Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample Size Determination
- 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
- 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Validity of the Study
- 3.9 Reliability of the Study
- 3.10 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.1 Data Presentation
- 4.2 Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Answering Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendation
- References
- APPENDIX
- QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Breastfeeding is the process of feeding an infant mother’s milk by direct nipple-to-mouth contact or through expressed breast milk. Colostrum, which is the first yellowish and sticky milk produced from the mother’s breasts from 37 weeks of pregnancy to approximately seven days after delivery, and mature milk, which is white in color and produced efficiently from around the tenth day following delivery, are the two forms of breast milk (Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. 2014). Clinicians may be aware of the significance of breast feeding for infant health in underdeveloped countries, but they may be uninformed of the possible long-term health advantages for mothers and babies in developed countries, especially in relation to obesity, blood pressure, cholesterol, and cancer, according to Bartick and Reinhold (2010). The World Health Organization (WHO) advises six months of exclusive breast feeding (breast milk alone; no water, other fluids, or food) followed by two years of complementary breast feeding. This concept has been embraced by the governments of Nigeria, the United Kingdom, etc., but it also offers a serious problem for nations such as Nigeria and the United States, where breast feeding rates have been low for decades and may be very hard to change (Bartick, et al 2010).
Adequate nutrition throughout infancy and early childhood is essential for good growth, health, and development in children. The greatest source of nutrition for an infant is breast milk, and it has been established universally that nursing is healthful for both mother and child. The health and well-being of newborn infants are dependent on breast milk. Infants who are breastfed develop quicker, suffer less illness, and die at a lower rate than those who are not (John, 2005).
The National Infant and Young Child Feeding (NIYCF) operational strategy builds upon previous and ongoing accomplishments to promote healthy infant and young child feeding. These include exclusive breastfeeding for six months and continued breastfeeding for two years with introduction of appropriate and timely complementary feeding, implementation and monitoring of the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes, and maternity protection for working women. In the preceding decade, the government has developed programmes targeted at enhancing the well-being of infants and young children.
In addition, breastfeeding is a natural mode of infant feeding that consists of two basic methods: exclusive and partial, with the latter being the more common. However, exclusivity is the most suitable and absolute design with the largest domino impact. However, effective mental, emotional, and physical collaboration between the mother and her newborn is necessary for the intended result (Narzary, 2009).
Breastfeeding promotes uterine involution and, thus, the rapid recovery of uterine tone in the mother. It strengthens the bond between mother and child. It is inexpensive, which is crucial in the Third World, and practical. Due to the prolactin-raising effect of nipple stimulation, breastfeeding delays the recovery of normal ovarian function and so increases the duration between births (Otoide, Oronsaye,& Okonofua, 2001).
This latter effect also helps the infant by decreasing the likelihood that a subsequent pregnancy may displace the infant from the breast. In many developing countries, weaning meals are poorly insufficient, and children who are weaned too early are at danger of developing protein-calorie shortages, such as kwashiorkor and marasmus, which may lead to general debility, stunted growth, wasting, and even death. Children who are breastfed have a greater chance of survival than those who are not in places with little or no medical resources (Otoide, et al 2001). From the aforementioned this study is centered on the knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
Pregnancy is a delicate time of biological, physical, and social transitions that impact both mother and child. The manner in which a mother feeds her newborn is one of the most consequential factors affecting these transitions after delivery. Breastfeeding is the normative standard for newborn nutrition, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2012), and major health organizations suggest that a mother-baby dyad maintain exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) until the child is six months old to get optimum infant and maternal health benefits (AAP, 2012; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2013; and World Health Organization [WHO], 2015). EBF is associated with a decrease in incidences of otitis media and nonspecific gastroenteritis in newborns and a reduction in the risk of breast and ovarian cancer in mothers (Ip et al., 2007).
Notably, breastfeeding is the most natural method for humans (mammals) to feed their young, and it is the primary source of sustenance during the first few months of life (WHO 2018). In addition, research have shown that exclusive breastfeeding for the first six (6) months is the ideal method of infant nutrition and should be maintained even if the child consumes other foods thereafter.
Recent efforts have been concentrated on promoting exclusive breastfeeding, which has considerably expanded breastfeeding knowledge. Hospitals and health centers have the ability to educate pregnant and nursing mothers about the advantages of exclusive breastfeeding and the actions necessary to make it a reality. There is a global trend toward less breastfeeding. Lack of trust that the child is receiving enough, rising urban women work load demands that cause them to be separated from their newborns for extended periods of time, reduction in social support, discomfort with breastfeeding in public, and aggressive advertising of commercial milk formulas are all factors contributing to the drop in breastfeeding. Globally, there are fresh EBF promotion projects. Among them are the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative [BFHI].
Mothers may acquire information on EBF during antenatal clinic visits and after hospital delivery. Radio and television are very effective in communicating breastfeeding knowledge to the public. In the light of the above, this study aims at ascertaining the knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Research objectives are just as useful as they are in most other aspects of life. According to Torty (2021), “Research objectives provide the researcher with a wonderful feeling of aim and direction.” Hence, the purpose of the study is to examine the knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community.
The specific objectives include;
- To ascertain if mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community knows about exclusive breast feeding.
- To determine if mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community practice exclusive breast feeding.
- To identify how often mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community breastfeed.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were posed in accordance with the study’s objectives:
- Do mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community know about exclusive breastfeeding?
- Do mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community practice exclusive breastfeeding?
- How often do mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community breastfeed?
1.5. Research Hypothesis
The study will test the validity of the following null hypothesis:
H01: Mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community do not know about exclusive breastfeeding.
H02: Mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community do not practice exclusive breastfeeding.
1.6 Significance of the Study
It is believed that the outcomes of the research will give a current perceptual database that will enlighten all of us and, more significantly, policymakers about the sentiments and perspectives of mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding, so that relevant alternatives to encourage the practice of exclusive breastfeeding and its support may be established by Breastfeeding moms, helpers, and the Nigerian public.
In addition, academics and students will benefit from this study since it will act as a resource for future research and add to the body of knowledge.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study will be focusing on the knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community. Specifically, it will be focusing on ascertaining if mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community knows about exclusive breast feeding, determining if mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community practice exclusive breast feeding, and identify how often mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community breastfeed. The respondents for this study will be obtained among selected mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
Like in every human endeavour, the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. The significant constraint was the absence of literature on the discourse of police brutality on students and the parameters for measuring it in relation to whether it affects them positively or negatively. Thus much time and organization was required in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection. Also the study is limited in sample size and geography covering only Liman Katagum Community.
Therefore findings of this study cannot be used for generalization thus creating a gap for further studies.
Also encountered was time constraint as the researcher had to carry out this research in addition to attending lectures and other educational activities required of him.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Exclusive Breastfeeding:
Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk
Knowledge
To have information in one’s mind as a result of experience or because you have learned or been told.
Attitude
The way one thinks, feels or behaves about somebody or something.
Nursing Mothers:
A mother who is breast-feeding her baby.
1.10 Organization of the Study
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows.
- Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study.
- Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature.
- Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study.
- Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.
- Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings on the knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further studies.
5.2 Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was on the knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community. The study is was specifically set to ascertain if mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community knows about exclusive breast feeding, determine if mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community practice exclusive breast feeding, and identify how often mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community breastfeed.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 150 responses were validated from the enrolled participants, where all respondent are mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community.
5.3 Conclusion
Our findings from this study revealed that;
- Mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community knows what exclusive breastfeeding is.
- Mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community knows that exclusive breastfeeding helps babies to fight viruses and bacteria.
- Mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community knows that exclusive breastfeeding helps the proper growth and development of their babies.
- The various source of information on exclusive breastfeeding available for mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community include; ante natal health talks, mass media, formal lectures, seminar/workshop, and work exposure.
- Mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community practices exclusive breastfeeding
- Mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community breastfeed frequently.
- Mothers of under two children in Liman Katagum Community has a good attitude towards exclusive breast feeding.
5.4 Recommendation
Inline with the findings of this study, the researcher proffer the following recommendations;
- Rural women should be taught on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding
- Advertisement of baby formulas should be followed with disclaimers that exclusive breast feeding is the best option for both mothers and infants.
- Implementation of national health education campaigns that encourage women to breastfeed, especially during pregnancy by all primary health care nurses.
- Enhancement and development of policies, rules, regulations, legislation and lows that appropriately promote as well supports breastfeeding in and outside work locations.
- Emphasis on legislation and policies that mandate employers to facilitate lactation in the workplace, including breaks for breastfeeding women and access to a private area for breastfeeding or milk expression that is not a bathroom.
- Expansion the maternity leave duration for at least pied six months for all working mothers.
- Multinational companies in the state should lay more emphasis on labour intensive rather than capital intensive. This would help for the employment of manual labourers.
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