Assessment Of New Product Development And Management In Nigeria: A Study Of Unliever Nigeria Plc

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Assessment Of New Product Development And Management In Nigeria: A Study Of Unliever Nigeria Plc

Abstract

It is common knowledge to see a lot of organisational resources committed into product ideas that have not undergone proper research, especially market based research. As a result, it is either that the product fails out rightly or gains marginal success. No wonder we have so many of such product wasting in the market places begging for demand. When a product idea carries a weight of benefits to give to the market even the market will be anxious waiting for it to be launched. Besides proper research into developing a quality product, there is also the need for a wide range of management activities of the product from its conception to maturity or until it is being disposed such management activities include providing appropriate strategies for pricing, promotion, distribution as well as on-going support to customers who have purchased the new product pertinent to the above the study aimed at assessing new product development and management in Nigeria. However the following objectives were formulated: To determine the relationship between marketing research and new product development; To determine how new product development influences customer satisfaction and retention; To determine the impact of technology, skilled manpower on new product development; To identify critical factors, both marketing and otherwise for new product success or failure and To identify the impact of new product development on profitability of an organisation. The study had a population of 44. The descriptive survey design was adopted for the study while chi-square was used to test the hypotheses. The findings showed that there is relationship between marketing research and new product development. Also new product development influence customer satisfaction and retention. Furthermore technology, skill manpower have impact on new product development and finally there is relationship between new product development and profitability. The study recommended that firms should periodically evaluate their product so that they will be able to be ahead of their competitors and make profit.

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

New product development process allows firms to deal with progressively intensive competition when facing challenges from rapidly changing market condition. Companies try to gain sustainable competitive advantages with continues innovation. These effort are critical for the companies because introducing a new product to the market is expensive and challenging due to acquiring new knowledge and technologies and implementing new processes.
New Product development is a business and engineering term, which describes the complete process of bringing a new product to the market. In other words, Product development is the process of designing, creating, and marketing an idea or product. The product can either be one that is new to the marketplace or one that is new to your particular company, or an existing product that has been improved. In many instances, a product will be labeled new and improved when substantial changes have been made.

According to Kotler(2006:633), a product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need. However, product is much more than just a physical object. It is the complete bundle of benefits or satisfactions that buyers perceive, they will obtain if they purchase the product. It is the sum of all the physical, psychological, symbolic, and service attributes.

In the words of Stanton, (2001:121), a Product is a set of tangible and intangible attributes which the buyer may accept as offering wants-satisfaction. For instance, in the Nigerian Soft drink industry we have products such as Malta Guinness from Guinness Nigeria Plc, Maltina drink from Nigerian Breweries Plc, Mirinda from 7 UP Nig. Plc; in the detergent sector, there are Elephant Blue Detergent from PZ industries Plc, and Omo, Key Soap, Loyco, Blue Band, Lipton Yellow Label Tea, Knorr (Acquired in Dec. 2005 from Cabury), Pears Baby Care, Lux, Vaseline, Close Up, etc from Unilever Nigeria Plc. Also in the financial sector, there is Master Card from UBA Plc, Child Trust and Maxi-yield from Sterling Bank Plc, to mention but a few.

A product is similar to goods in accounting. Goods are physical objects that are available in the marketplace. This differentiates them from a service which is a non-material product. The term goods is used primarily by those that wish to abstract from the details of a given product. As such it is useful in accounting and economic models. The term product is used primarily by those that examine the details and richness of a specific market offering. As such it useful to marketers, managers, and quality control specialists.

A “man” can also be an “experience”, which like .a service is intangible. However an experience is unique to the receiving individual based upon their history Example: amusement parks offer rides (product), acceptance of credit card ‘(service), and audience participation at the dolphin how (experience). My value the dolphin show is different from yours, and the extent to which I value it trade for it (money).

Joe (2008:53) states that such “items as legal and medical services, hair cut, vehicle repairs and classroom teaching also constitute product, even if they are not physical in nature. It is perhaps in consideration of this double nature of product and also in view of the fact that purchasing implies selling that Kotler (2003:342) defines a product as “anything that can be offered to the market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need”. He added that product “includes physical objects, services, persons, places organization and ideas”, noting that persons and organizations can attract buyers’ attention and that a person’s records or ideas for instance can be purchased, while an organization can be promoted.

1.2 Historical Backgound of Unilever Nigeria Plc

UniLever Nigeria Plc is a multinational organization that was incorporated in 1924 and listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange as a Public Limited Liability company in 1973. Its vision is “to be the biggest and most profitable consumer product company in Nigeria” and its mission slogan is ‘it add vitality to life” The Company is 5O.O4% owned and controlled by Unilever Overseas as the Parent/technical partner and 49.96% by Nigerians. It has total number of shareholders of 90,648 and shareholding of about three billion.

Besides, its share holders’ fund is in the sum of N5.57Billion which also tallies with the amount of its net asset. The company made a profit after tax for the current financial year, 2009 to the tune of N1,616,457,000.00
It has its registered/Head office at NO.1, Billingsway, Oregun, Ikeja, Lagps and regional offices at Abuja, Ibadan and Jos, as well factory sites/industrial estates at Agbara,Ogun state, industrial road Aba, and Billing way, Oregun, Lagos. Besides, it has over 101 distributors nationwide as their marketing outlet network. Before now, the company was known and called by different names such as : Lever Brothers (W.A.) Ltd (till 1924), West African Soap Co. Ltd (till 1955); Lever Brothers (Nig) Ltd (till 1973) and Lever Brothers of Nigeria Plc (till 2001).

The business sector activities of the company includes Manufacturing and Marketing of Consumer Products such as home care and personal care products and foods In other words, UniLever Nigeria Plc is involved in the manufacturing and marketing of the following lines of products: Non-soapy detergents/Laundry Soaps (Omo, Rin, Vim, Key); Food/brinks (Lipton Yellow Label Tea,, Home Cup Tea, Royco, Blue Band, Oroyo); Bakery Products (Breadeen, Marva, Hossum, Masterline Special); Personal Products (Close Up, Respondent, Vaseline, Petroleum Jelly, Lux, Fresh, Esteem, Satin Sheen, Reward, Shield, Pears, etc) as well as industrial and institutional detergents: Last year, 2005, the brilliant execution of OMO Activation Awareness Campaign in Nigeria, resulted in the company winning the Silver Trophy of the prestigious Asia/AMET Activation Award. The substance of the campaign was that Nigerian Parents should not, because of ‘dirt’, deny their children the opportunity to play (which is very good for children) because Omo is more than capable to deal with the dirt.

The company has a 9-member board of Directors made up of Seven Nigerians and two expatriates (a British and Ivorien) and is chaired by Mr. Felix A. Ohiwerei. The choice of Unilever Nigeria Plc as a case study provides an opportunity for delving into this research in its broadest sense so as to recommend solutions if any that may exist or establish the need to assess the development and management of new product development as an antidote, so to speak, for organizational survival in a competitive market and structured economy such as Nigeria, no matter the market leadership status such organization has already attained.

Over the years, the company has been making steady growth and good return on investment to its shareholders as evidenced by its profitability, capital appreciation, good dividend yield, earning per share and price earning ratio. The year financial summary of the company, from 2005 – 2009 showed that it been profitable, with good EPS and giving good returns of dividend to its investors, except in 2009. Presently, it has a net asset base of N5.5b. Being one of the market leaders among the conglomerate sector, its competitors are mapping out aggressive marketing strategies to gain a remarkable percentage of s market share. Hence the need for UniLever Nigeria Plc to engage in series of new product development and management in their various brands so as to have a high brand premiums.

New Product development as a veritable strategy for gaining the market, especially in a competitive business environment, involves quality improvement, increasing the functional performance of a product such as durability; reliability and taste, feature improvement, addition of new features that expands the product versatility, safety and convenience and a strategy of style improvement which aims at increasing the aesthetic appeal of the product in contrast to its functional appeal. UniLever Nigeria Plc have shown that it wants to continue to outperform itself and the industry by being the source of new product ideas and customer services

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Since the advent of the industrial revolution, business environment has become sensitive and highly competitive. In order to survive and achieve their goals and objectives, it behooves business organizations to systematically adapt to changing needs of the consumers and create products that meet their yearnings and desires. Successful New product development is necessary for the survival of marketing organizations. It is however a challenging and risky business, often because of the following reasons.

It is a common knowledge in Nigeria to see a lot of organizational resources committed into product ideas that have not undergone proper research, especially market-based research. As a result, it is either that the product fails out rightly or gains marginal success. No wonder we have so many of such products wasting in the market places begging for demand. When a product idea carries a weight of benefits to give to the market, even the market will be anxiously waiting for it to be launched.

Besides proper research into developing a quality product, there is also the need for a wide range of management activities of the product from its conception to maturity or until it is being disposed. Such management activities include providing appropriate strategies for pricing, promotion distribution as well as on-going support to customers who have purchase the new product.

New product development requires enormous funding, even from the stage of idea generation and up to the time such product is withdrawn from the market. It is expected that the management, having determined the source of financing the new product development project, prepares in advance an estimated cash flow statement on the project based on estimated sales revenue and the total cost involved. They (management) should also prepare a contingency budget to take care of all exigencies so that the variances and discrepancies would be brought to light.

New Product development imposes a greater task on the manufacturers/producers to strive in satisfying their customers and retain their loyalty if their goals and objectives are to be achieved, this calls for a good leadership. And given that the project (new product development) requires enormous funding, management should adopt both short and long term marketing programs to ensure that a new product survives its cycle profitably.

New product, for the purposes of this work, will include original products, improved products, modified products and new brands that the firm develops through its own Research and development efforts. The development of a new product should be a continuous process and should be given serious management supports for the survival of business organizations.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

  1. To determine the relationship between marketing research and new product development
  2. To determine how new product development influences customer satisfaction and retention.
  3. To determine the impact of technology, skilled manpower on new product development.
  4. To identify critical factors, both marketing” and otherwise; that for new product success or failure in the market place.
  5. To identify the impact of new product development on profitability of an organization.

1.5 Research Questions

  1. Does marketing research has impact on new product development.
  2. In what ways can new product development influence customers’ satisfaction and retention?
  3. How do technology, skilled manpower, management support and adequate capital impact product development?
  4. What are the critical factors that determine the success or failure of a new product?
  5. To what extent can new Product development and management determine the growth, survival and profitability of an organization?

1.6 Hypotheses of the Study

  1. There is no relationship between marketing research and new product development.
  2. The new product development does not influence customer satisfaction and retention.
  3. The technology, manpower do not make impact on product development
  4. The critical factors do not determine the success or failure of new product development.
  5. There is no relationship between new product development and profitability of an organization

1.7 Significance of the Study

Certain factors or conditions are necessary for rapid economic and industrial development in any society. One of such factors is Research! If Nigerian companies could invest in research for new product development in Nigeria, high quality products would likely be developed which would apart from satisfying the wants of the consumers, also help to employ our local resources, such as machinery, raw materials and labour thus steering towards economic and industrial growth and development.

This Research Study would try to unfold reasons why new products fail or succeed in the market place and this will help the marketers to know why consumers accept or reject new products or why they prefer old/existing products.
The study would also try to discover what influences the consumers have and how they arrive at a purchase decision for new products. Besides, it would help organizations that intend to introduce new products into a developing economy like Nigeria to know how to analyze the consumer and competitor factors.

This research study will be relevant to academic institutions, Libraries and various organizations as it intends to look into the problems of growing social and governmental constraints associated with new product development and management with a view to proffering solutions.

More importantly, this research work will be of great significance to the Nigerian economy and society at large. Any economic environment with high level of healthy business competition usually breeds high quality products, its continuity, availability and sustenance of which lead to economic boom.

1.8 Scope of the Study

The scope of this research work is limited to Lagos State, with the main area of concentration being Unilever Nigeria Plc.

1.9 Limitations of the Study

  1. The major limitation was the reluctance of most business organizations to release data or information which may fall into the hands of their competitors.
  2. However, the validity of the research work was not impaired by these constraints as judicial use was made of the available materials, which I believe will be beneficial and give more insight and knowledge to users of this work.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.2 Summary of Major Findings

The result based on the descriptive statistics reveals the following

  1. It was found from this study that there is a strong positive correlation between marketing research and success of new product development.
  2. A properly development new product improves customers satisfaction as well as high customer retention.
  3. The study further revealed that technology and manpower have positive impact on new product development which places company ahead of other competitors in the market.
  4. The results of the analysis revealed that critical factors such as capital timing and market analysis determine the success of failure of new product development
  5. Also the result revealed that there is positive relationship between new product development and profitability of an organization.

5.3 Conclusion

This research has attempted to assess new product development and management in Nigeria, Based on the findings of this work, firms, organization and government have been expose on how to manage new product and harvest the benefits attached it.

The research indicated that the required intensity of market research, technology, manpower will go along to achieve high profitability to firms that embark on new product development.

5.4 Recommendations

Following the result of the data collected and analyzed, this research work stands in a firm position to make the following crucial recommendations to its readers that:

  1. Given that New Product development and management is an antidote for organizational survival in a competitive market-structured economy such as ours, notwithstanding market leadership status already attained (as revealed from our findings), it is hereby recommended that Nigerian companies should invest in market research for new product development to facilitate development of high quality products which would, apart from satisfying the wants of the consumers and win their loyalty, also help to employ our local resources, such as machinery, row materials and labour, thus steering towards economic and industrial growth and development. It need to be noted that the place of market research in new product development cannot be overemphasized.
  2. A strong manpower base and an up-to-date technology are inevitable for a successful new product development. Our findings noted that as technology changes, so also do products need to change so as to meet customers demand and enables the organization keeps abreast with the changing needs of the people in order to capture a larger market share for itself. To this extent, management should ensure that those saddled with the responsibilities of developing new product possess the requisite knowledge, experience and skills required. In addition, a high level of technology and skilled manpower, which will aid in developing new products according to the specifications or needs of the consumers, are also required in the organization in order to be able to meet the changing needs of the market
  3. Management should give its total support to new product development project especially in the area of capital and financing. There should be efficient and timely appropriation of fund through out the product development process and also at the various stages of the product life cycle where different marketing strategies should be adopted. The extent to which management is involved in new product development determines the extent to which the project would be a success. Besides, management has a great task in adopting strategies that will enhance its success and there must be discipline on the part of the development team, this is very crucial.
  4. To avoid the risk of failure, new product development exercise should not be done haphazardly, but properly planned. Before the organization’s scarce resources are committed into the project, only new product, which market research/test marketing had shown to be potentially viable and in high demand, should be launched or commercialized. Besides, such information as consumers’ preference, packaging, labeling, competitive activities, pricing and promotion needs for the new product should be gathered and analyzed. This should be followed with efficient marketing and promotional strategies with effective and functional sales force management.
  5. The pricing for the new product should not be too high or too low. If a new product’s price is too high, above its competitors in the market, it may cause the consumers to abandon the product. This may spell a doom for the company, unless of course, the new product is positioned for the higher class having unique advantages over others, by using ‘skimming the scream’ market strategy. On the other hand, if the new product is priced too low, the company may be deprived of an acceptable profit, at least, in the short run, except the price is used as a penetration strategy to enable the company first capture a good share of the market, especially where the product is aimed towards the mass market.
  6. New Product ideas must be properly evaluated against its expected returns in terms of profitability, market share, Returns On Investment, Volumes of sales, Earning Per Share, etc.

Finally, Unilever and Nigerian companies at large should adopt the concept of new product development which implies that the dominant firm, market leader, market follower or competitor refuses to be content with the status quo; that it wants to continue to outperform itself and the industry by being the source of new product ideas and customers services which are only achieved by exercising initiative, setting the pace and capitalizing on competitors’ weaknesses in order to achieve a strategic positioning in the market and thus mobilizing its resources to full capacity, which will finally result to growth and development both to the organizations and the national economy. In addition, a continuous new product development that would result in quality product to keep the company going and well established in the minds of the consumers as well as ensuring a long term profitability and good returns to the shareholders are highly recommended to organizations.

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