Knowledge Of The Cause And Prevention Of Pneumonia Amongst Mothers With Children Of Age 0-5Yrs In Edgeba Community

Project and Seminar Material for Nursing (Science)

Knowledge Of The Cause And Prevention Of Pneumonia Amongst Mothers With Children Of Age 0-5Yrs In Edgeba Community)

Abstract

This study focused on the knowledge of the causes and prevention of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community as case study. The study is was specifically focused on examining the prevalence and associated risk factors of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community, determining the prevalence of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community, identifying the major factors associated with pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community and determining the association between the prevalence of pneumonia and associated risk factors amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in Edgeba community.

The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 178 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community.

Table of Content

Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
List of Tables
Abstract

Chapter One:

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitation of the Study
1.9 Definition of Terms
1.10 Organisations of the Study

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Empirical Review

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population of the Study
3.3 Sample Size Determination
3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Validity of the Study
3.9 Reliability of the Study
3.10 Ethical Consideration

Chapter Four:

Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Analysis of Data
4.3 Answering Research Questions
4.4 Test of Hypotheses

Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

Pneumonia is a disease of the lung or the inflammation of the parenchyma structures of the lung, such as the alveoli and bronchioles (Alcamo, 2015). It is the reason associated with mortality that challenges most health care providers and the community (Nair and Niederman, 2011). In people affected with pneumonia, the alveoli filled with pus and fluid. This situation makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake (Jokinen and Scott, 2010). Pneumonia attacks every age group but particularly, under-five children susceptible to disease. They get pneumonia infection during inhalation process, micro-organisms that cause the infection were entered to the respiratory systems (WHO, 2006). Pneumonia occurs as a result of different infection-causing microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, and infrequently fungi. The common causative agents are Streptococcus for bacterial pneumonia and Syncytial virus for viral pneumonia, and Coccidioido for fungal pneumonia in children (Nair and Niederman, 2011; WHO, 2016). The manifestation of both bacterial and viral pneumonia is almost similar. Wheezing is more common in viral infections (WHO, 2016).

Pneumonia is the most dangerous outcome of acute respiratory infection (ARI) that kills more children than other diseases. It results in the mortality of a lot of under-five children in many countries of the world. For example, in 2018 alone, it resulted in 802,000 under-five mortalities. Globally, 162,000 in Nigeria, 127,000 in India, 58,000 in Pakistan, 40,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo, 32,000 in Nigeria, 19,000 in Indonesia,18,000 in China, 18,000 in Chad, 16,000 in Angola, 15,000 in United Republic of Tanzania, 15,000 in Somalia, 13,000 in Niger, 13,000 in Mali, 12,000 in Bangladesh, and 11,000 in Sudan (UNICEF, 2019). Around 153,000 (19%) of them died within their first month of age which is close to 2,200 under-five mortalities per day and one child in every 39 seconds (UNICEF, 2018). The annual global cases of pneumonia reach 1,400 cases per 100,000 children, or one case per seventy-one children (WHO, 2018).

Child mortality, also known as under – five mortality refers to the deaths of infants and children under the age of five. Globally, child mortality continues to fall and the total number of under five deaths decreased to 8.1million per year in 2009 from 12.4 million per year in 1990 (UNICEF report, 2010).

The highest child mortality rates are still in sub-Saharan Africa where one in eight children dies before their fifth birthday nearly twenty times the average for developed regions (1 in 67). Southern Asia has the second highest rate with about one in fourteen children dying before reaching five. Sub-Saharan Africa have achieved only around a thirty percent reduction in under five mortality, less than half that required to reach MDG4. (IGME report 2011).
Six conditions account for about 70% of all child deaths: acute lower respiratory infections, mostly pneumonia (18%), diarrhea (18%), malaria (9%), Measles (1%), HIV/AIDS (2%) and neonatal conditions mainly pre-term birth, birth asphyxia and infections (37%)

Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs and is the leading cause of death in children worldwide. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children whilst Haemophilus influenza type b is the second most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. Respiratory synctial virus is the most common cause of viral cause of pneumonia. It can be prevented by immunization, adequate nutrition and by addressing environmental factors. Pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics.

Pneumonia is frequently an associated cause of mortality in children with other underlying conditions. Co-morbid conditions especially malnutrition, measles or HIV increase the severity and risk mortality from pneumonia (Black et al., 2003.,Zar, 2004; Duke et al., 2003.)There are multiple risk factors identified to increase the risk of pneumonia in children under five. These have been grouped into demographic (gender and age), nutritional (low birth weight, malnutrition, inadequate breastfeeding, vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies, environmental (crowding, air pollution, smoking), lack of immunization, attendance to day-care centres and socio-demographic factors such as large family size, short birth interval, low income, low level of parental education, poor housing and in-appropriate child care practices.

Pneumonia accounts for approximately 1.9million deaths globally in children under five each year (Black et al., 2003; Campbell, 1995; Malholland, 1999; Williams et al., 2002). The WHO estimates that there are more than 150 million cases of pneumonia each year in children under five. It is the leading cause of death in children worldwide, killing 1.6 million children yearly and this accounts for 19% of all deaths of children under five years old worldwide. According to Paediatric Association of Ghana (PAG, 2010), pneumonia has been rated as one of the leading cause of under-five mortality and morbidity in Ghana, with twenty two percent of children under five dying from it. Childhood pneumonia has been identified as a major “forgotten killer of children” by UNICEF and WHO.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Pneumonia kills more children under five than AIDS, malaria and measles combined and is the single major killer of children under five in developing world. In spite of these relatively few global resources are dedicated to solving the problem and have received far less attention. Each year, more than two million children under five die of pneumonia in the developing world, compared to an estimated 800,000 children who die from malaria and around 300,000 children under five who die from AIDS (out of about three million total AIDS deaths).

Recognizing the symptoms of pneumonia is the first step in reducing deaths among children under five. Caregivers or mothers play a critical role in recognizing pneumonia’s symptoms and immediately seeking appropriate care for their sick children. Indeed it is critical that caregivers or mothers understand the importance of this disease and the risk it poses to their children’s health. Yet, even though pneumonia is the leading killer of children in the developing world, most mothers and caregivers are ignorant about the danger signs and risk factors for pneumonia. Only about one in five caregivers know the danger signs of pneumonia (UNICEF 2004).

A case-control study in Atlanta (USA) to assess risk factors for pneumonia in children showed the odds ratio for children attending child-care centres was 2.96 (p<0.05) relative to children cared for at home. In another study done in Brazil (1996), odds ratio for attendance at child care facilities compared to home care was 5.2. In Nigeria, there is little information on the association between these risk factors and pneumonia in children under five.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine the knowledge of the cause and prevention of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community.

Specifically, the study aims;

To assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community.
To determine the prevalence of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community.
To identify the major factors associated with pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community.
To determine the association between the prevalence of pneumonia and associated risk factors amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community

1.4 Research Question

What is the prevalence and associated risk factors of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community?
What is the prevalence of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community ?
What are the major factors associated with pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community?

1.5 Hypothesis of the Study

The following hypothesis was formulated and tested by the study

ho: There is no association between the prevalence of pneumonia and associated risk factors amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community
hi: There is association between the prevalence of pneumonia and associated risk factors amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community

1.6 Significance of the Study

The finding was given information for the health offices, NGOs, and the children’s families or societies were benefited, in such a way that they know their infection status and associated risk factors and taken prophylactic and preventive measures. The study was used as a reference for other researchers who are interested to investigate more about the prevalence of pneumonia and its associated factors amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study will analyze the Knowledge Of The Cause And Prevention Of Pneumonia Amongst Mothers With Children Of Age 0-5yrs In Edgeba Community. The study is limited to some selected Mothers With Children in the area. Hence, the respondents for this study will be obtained from and among Mothers With Children in the study area.

1.8 Limitation of the Study

In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. However, the researcher were able to manage these just to ensure the success of this study.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Pneumonia:

Lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid. Inflammation may affect both lungs ( double pneumonia ) or only one ( single pneumonia ).

1.10 Organization of the Study

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows.

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study.
Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature.
Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study.
Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.
Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the findings on the knowledge of the causes and prevention of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community as case study. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.

5.2 Summary of the Study

In this study, our focus was on the knowledge of the causes and prevention of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community as case study. The study is was specifically focused on examining the prevalence and associated risk factors of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community, determining the prevalence of pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community, identifying the major factors associated with pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community and determining the association between the prevalence of pneumonia and associated risk factors amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in Edgeba community.

5.3 Conclusions

Majority of mother and children with severe pneumonia amongst mothers with children of age 0-5yrs in edgeba community were less than 2 years and the majority of their mothers were of low literacy levels.

The symptoms, signs and associated illnesses/complications are comparable to other studies carried out within and outside Nigeria.

Delay in presentation to hospital, age less than 2 years, malnutrition, exposure to wood smoke, non exclusive breastfeeding, cyanosis, grunting respiration, hepatomegaly, heart failure and oxygen saturation level less than 90% on admission were associated with increased mortality in children under-five years admitted with severe pneumonia.

Delay in presentation to hospital and hepatomegaly were identified as predictors for death in under-five children admitted with severe pneumonia in this study.

It is therefore recommended that;

Poverty eradication programmes should be put in place to empower families to afford the use of better cooking fuels and also to seek healthcare on time to reduce death of under-fives with severe pneumonia. Similarly, poverty eradication will help fight malnutrition which is a predisposing factor and a risk factor for death in under-fives admitted with severe pneumonia in this study.

Health workers in charge of community based health services should be periodically trained as they constitute an appreciable percentage of level of delay in seeking healthcare.

Exclusive breastfeeding practice among HIV negative mothers should be encouraged in our hospitals as it protects against death from severe pneumonia in our environment.

Physicians should recognize early and treat promptly children with poor prognostic features such as age less than 2 years, late presentation to hospital, tachypnoea, grunting respiration, cyanosis, hepatomegaly, hypoxia and heart failure. Interventions may also need to be stepped up in the presence of predictive factors.

The prevalence of malaria in 13.6% of subjects in this study calls for empirical malaria treatment in such patients as contained in the IMCI policy.

5.4 Recommendation

Health workers should educate mothers about pneumonia focusing on recognition of the danger signs/ symptoms and its predisposing factors so as to create awareness in them.
Health workers to educate mothers on the health risks related to overcrowding.