Teachers And Students’ Perceptions Of Causes And Consequences Of Teenage Pregnancy Among Adolescents In Secondary Schools

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Teachers And Students’ Perceptions Of Causes And Consequences Of Teenage Pregnancy Among Adolescents In Secondary Schools

Abstract

The study examined the teachers and students’ perceptions of causes and consequences of teenage pregnancy among adolescents in secondary schools using selected secondary schools in Ijebu Ode as case study. Three research questions were formulated to guide the study. The sample size consisted of 119 teachers in the selected secondary schools in Ijebu Ode who were randomly selected. The statistical methods adopted were descriptive statistics. The major findings were; lack of health counseling will significantly cause the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode; Attitude of parents significantly cause the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode; Broken homes or divorce significantly cause the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode; and lack of sex education will cause the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode. The following recommendations were made among others; Sensitization programs should be initiated by relevant bodies to educate the populace on the impact of teenage pregnancies. Furthermore, Sex and Contraceptive education should be introduced in secondary schools. More-so, policies that facilitate better health care services for teenagers should be deployed by government and non-government organizations.

Table of Content

  • Title Page
  • Certification
  • Dedication
  • Acknowledgement
  • Table of Content
  • List of Tables
  • Abstract

Chapter One:

Introduction

  • 1.1 Background of the Study
  • 1.2 Statement of the Problem
  • 1.3 Objective of the Study
  • 1.4 Research Questions
  • 1.5 Research Hypothesis
  • 1.6 Significance of the Study
  • 1.7 Scope of the Study
  • 1.8 Limitation of the Study
  • 1.9 Definition of Terms
  • 1.10 Organisations of the Study

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

  • 2.1 Conceptual Framework
  • 2.2 Theoretical Framework
  • 2.3 Empirical Review

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

  • 3.1 Research Design
  • 3.2 Population of the Study
  • 3.3 Sample Size Determination
  • 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
  • 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
  • 3.6 Method of Data Collection
  • 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
  • 3.8 Validity of the Study
  • 3.9 Reliability of the Study
  • 3.10 Ethical Consideration

Chapter Four:

Data Presentation and Analysis

  • 4.1 Data Presentation
  • 4.2 Analysis of Data
  • 4.3 Answering Research Questions
  • 4.4 Test of Hypotheses

Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

  • 5.1 Summary
  • 5.2 Conclusion
  • 5.3 Recommendation
  • References
  • APPENDIX
  • QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

The word Teenage refers to both male and female between the ages thirteen and nineteen (13-19years). Under the American social norm, such teenagers are not regarded as matured. Although physiologically, they look like adults and so they engage in acts of sexual intercourse with members of opposite sex. This behavior poses a great challenge to health services, since sex at this tender age exposes them to a lot of risks, such as teenage pregnancy.

This was informed by Awake (1990) when the publisher put forward that moral decadence among our youths is assuming alarming proportion in Nigeria today, day after day, month after month and year after year, crime rates are mounting by leaps and bound.

Teenage pregnancy has become serious public health problem particularly in the developing countries and researches that have been conducted have shown that it has been on the increase. Research conducted also shows that teenage pregnancy poses health problem in developed countries like America.

Corry and Cray (1997) supported the notion that schools should teach health education and in addition identify the current problems such as sexual transmitted diseases, which is usually followed by pregnancy among teenagers. The role of school and home towards sex education has been a controversial issue. Mooney (1975) and Fakunle (1986) have conducted a research holding that teenagers learn about sex from peer and literature and much of the information so obtained is inadequate and inaccurate. (Oladapo and Akintayo 1991). Sex is glamorized in books, televisions and movies.

This places greater responsibilities on young persons to maintain a standard of conduct that will give greatest happiness both now and in the future. The standard of conduct required by adolescent is better started at home. Turner 1979.

Mooney (1975) writing on schools, responsibilities of both school and parents opined that parent’s primary role is to set behavior limits for their own children. Fakunle (1986) further asserted that in the early stages of personality development must be encouraged at home particularly sexual knowledge knowing how they function and sexual changes fully enjoyed. Marjorie (1979) and Thomas (1979) points out that teenage pregnancy and the inherent abortion are not without their social effects. It is uncommon in some societies to attach a terrible stigma to girls who are pregnant or have probably committed abortions, such girls and their families are usually the talk of the town by the society, the girls are sometimes ridiculed, characterized and insulted by people around them and comrades at schools, teachers do not look at them with favor, nearly one million of these adolescents age 15-19years becomes pregnant in United State yearly and a20,000 pregnancy occur out of wedlock and are unintended.

According to Barbana (1988), Adolescence is by definition on unstable time during which teenagers need structure as well as the opportunity to become more independent are given responsibilities and challenges to face, they need the ability to imagine their futures and skills to set reasonable goals for their personal growth.

Teenage pregnancy is technical defined as occurring when women under the age of twenty become pregnant, although in the United States, the term usually refers to girls younger than 18 of age. During both physical and medical concerns, problem of teenage pregnancy and child bearing arise from individual, familiar and social factors, these include but are not limited to culture, religion, cultural value and belief, law, education, economic circumstances, lack of support structures such as finding access health care, contraception and other resources and mental and emotional well being condom (2002).

Data supporting teem pregnancy as a social issues in developed countries include lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty and other poorer ‘life outcomes’ in children of teenage mother.

Teenage pregnancy in developed countries are usually outside of marriage and for this reason, it carries a social stigma in many communities and countries. Some teenage pregnancies in developed countries are usually outside of marriage and for this reason it carries a social stigma in many communities and countries. Some teenage pregnancy occurs as a result of young women’s sexual in experience and an inadequate understanding of their reproductive matters and access to contraception are necessary to prevent unintended teenage pregnancies and childbearing. Not all teenagers’ pregnancies are unplanned, however a survey of 589 pregnant western Australian Adolescents (12-17) reported that 17% started that they planned to (Corkindale, 2002).

Adolescents of information and access informational services have been compounded by government restriction and social hypocritical disapproval of adolescent sexuality and contraceptive use. There is a wish to prevent sexual intercourse from taking place among young unmarried adolescents with consequent moral structural segregation of boys and girls, the threat of punishment if found on the other hand, there is a wish to prevent the consequences such as the spread of AIDS, unwanted pregnancies and emotional trauma, within intercourse does take place. The prize is the provision of effective, safe and adolescent friendly sexual health information and services censes. (Corkindale 2002).

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Teenage pregnancy is on the increase at an alarming rate among female students in Nigeria, which has generated a lot of concern to most individuals, families and the society. It is also one of the serious social health problems which is gradually gaining ground and spreading which is now in the whole wide world.

Studies had shown that teenagers are bound to have its share on this health problem. Therefore, the need for this study is to investigate into the causes and prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode. This will help in a great deal to expose these students to information that deal to expose these students to information that will in turn enable them to make informed decisions about their social health.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The general aim of the study is to examine the teachers and students’ perceptions of causes and consequences of teenage pregnancy among adolescents in secondary schools. The study will further and specifically outline the major causes of teenage pregnancy.

1.4. Research Questions

This research shall attempt to find answers to the following questions.

  1. Will lack of the health counseling be the cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in Ijebu ode?
  2. Will lack of mass media be the cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female student in Ijebu Ode?
  3. Will altitude of parents be the cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode?
  4. Will broken home or divorce be the cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode?
  5. Will lack of sex education be the cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode?
  6. Will peer pressure be the cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode?

1.5. Research Hypothesis

The following hypothesis will therefore be tested:

  1. Lack of health counseling will not be a significant cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode.
  2. Mass media will not be a significant cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode.
  3. Attitude of parents will not be a significant cause of the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode.
  4. Broken homes or divorce will not be a significant cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode.

1.6. Significance of the Study.

This study will provide useful information to parents on how to educate their children and solve their sexual health and reproductive problems. Furthermore, the health counselor may acquire sufficient factual information’s in establishing meaningful information with teenage clients and the community in order to reduce teenage pregnancies in secondary schools. The study may serve has a spring for future similar research efforts.

1.7. Scope of the Study

The study will analyze the teachers and students’ perceptions of causes and consequences of teenage pregnancy among adolescents in secondary schools. The study is limited to some selected Secondary Schools in the area. Hence, the respondents for this study will be obtained from and among secondary school students in the study area. This research work would focus mainly on five (5) secondary schools in Ijebu-ode, Ogun State. The secondary schools include:

  • Adeola Odutola secondary school.
  • Anglican Girls Grammar school, Ijebu-Ode
  • Our Lady of Apostles secondary school.
  • Muslim College Ijebu-Ode.
  • Tai Solarin Staff School, Ijebu-Ode.

1.8 Limitation of the Study

In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. However, the researcher were able to manage these just to ensure the success of this study..

1.9. Definition of Terms

1. Adolescence:

This is a period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristic and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth roughly from 11 to 19 years of age.

2. Teenager:

Age of 13 to 19 years.

3. Puberty:

Adolescence age when secondary sex characteristics, that is breast, public hair develops.

4. Teenage Pregnancy:

When teenager becomes pregnant.

1.10 Organization of the Study

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows.

  • Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study.
  • Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature.
  • Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study.
  • Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.
  • Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the findings on the teachers and students’ perceptions of causes and consequences of teenage pregnancy among adolescents in secondary schools using selected secondary schools in Ijebu Ode as case study. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.

5.2 Summary of the Study

In this study, our focus was on the teachers and students’ perceptions of causes and consequences of teenage pregnancy among adolescents in secondary schools using selected secondary schools in Ijebu Ode as case study. The study is was specifically set to outline the major causes of teenage pregnancy.

The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 100 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are teachers in the selected secondary schools in Ijebu Ode.

5.3 Conclusion

In the light of the analysis carried out, the following conclusions were drawn.

  1. Lack of health counseling will significantly cause the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode
  2. Mass media significantly contribute to the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode.
  3. Attitude of parents significantly cause the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode.
  4. Broken homes or divorce significantly cause the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode.
  5. Lack of sex education will cause the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode.
  6. Peer pressure will cause the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings the researcher recommends;

  1. Sensitization programs should be initiated by relevant bodies to educate the populace on the impact of teenage pregnancies.
  2. Psychological help should be provided to students in secondary to help them deal with pressures of peers and societal stigmatization.
  3. Sex and Contraceptive education should be introduced in secondary schools.
  4. Policies that facilitate better health care services for teenagers should be deployed by government and non-government organizations.
  5. Policies that encourage secondary school enrolment should be introduced by policy makers.
  6. Government and non-governmental organizations should make contraceptive services easily accessible and affordable.
  7. Policies should be introduced to permit teenage mothers to remain in secondary school education.

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