The Strategies And Teaching Methods To Enhance Academic Performance Of Financial Accounting Students In Secondary Schools

Accounting Education Project and Seminar Material

Abstract

This study was carried out to examine the strategies and teaching methods to enhance academic performance of financial accounting students in secondary schools in Oyo East Local Government Area of Oyo State. The study is was specifically set to determine the factors leading to poor performance of students in financial accounting, determine the teaching methods which can be adopted to significantly improve students academic performance in accounting, find out the strategies that will help to bring improvement on the students poor academic performance in the subject. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of accounting teachers and students in some selected secondary school of Oyo East Local Government Area of Oyo State. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 229 respondents and 210 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables and mean scores, while the hypotheses were tested using Pearson correlation statistical tool, SPSS v23. The result of the findings reveals that the factors leading to poor performance of students in financial accounting includes: poor concept clarifications by teachers, ineffective use of teaching method, poor students’ assessment, students’ lack of interest, lack of adequate teaching/learning resources. The study further showed that the teaching methods which can be adopted to significantly improve students academic performance in accounting includes: The inquiry based method, concept mapping instructional strategy, role playing method, the demonstration approach, lecture teaching methods. Therefore, it is recommended that the state financial Accounting curriculum should be redesigned and restructured to include teaching methods that promote students’ academic performance by curriculum designers. To mention but a few.

Table of Content

Chapter One:

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitation of the Study
1.9 Definition of Terms
1.10 Organization of the Study

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Empirical Review

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population of the Study
3.3 Sample Size Determination
3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Validity of the Study
3.9 Reliability of the Study
3.10 Ethical Consideration

Chapter Four:

Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Analysis of Data
4.3 Answering Research Questions
4.4 Test of Hypotheses

Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

The Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004) stated that the broad goal of the secondary school education is to prepare individuals for useful living within the society and higher education. To achieve these objectives, secondary school education in Nigeria has six years duration given in two stages, three years of junior secondary school followed by three years of senior secondary school. The curriculum designed for senior secondary school is comprehensive and broad based, aims at bordering students knowledge and outlook. Subject offered in senior secondary school are in three groups core subject , vocational subject and non vocation subject acts, one of the vocational subject is financial accounting.Financial accounting falls under the vocational area and therefore a discipline that is very essential for business. It helps both profit and non -profit making organization. This is because it helps the organization to make policies which helps and enhance expansion. It also assesses the efficiency of management to making decision relating to further investment. It prospectors in assessing the efficiency of the management and provide information which assist parties outside organization to make objective judgment about the organization.However, at the secondary school level, the objective of teaching this subject is to provide students with the basic method of processing data to develop manipulation skills and provide knowledge for career advancement in accounting so as to develop an economic understanding of business vocabulary, to help students develop and understand basic accounting concepts and principles. In summary, to be self reliant. As a result of this, it has been noted by some educational scholars in this discipline that students needs to improve themselves in order to achieve the set goals as identified above. In the content of the academic performance of students in various subjects, it is seen that the performance of students in term of academic in a subjects demands improvement as a result of the relevance of the subject in other field of study.Although, students of nowadays put up poor performance in this important subject this is according to the result released by West African Examination Council(WAEC) in the last five years and even in Joint Admission and Matriculation Board(JAMB) examination and that of the National Examination Council(NECO). Therefore, if this problem continues to remain at the fundamental level of the course of study, it is pertinent to state assert that achieving the goals will be a little difficult if not checked now.

Akinteru(1998) reported that financial accounting teachers effectiveness in instructional delivery depends on their consideration of the nature of the subject during instructional planning. According to her, Financial accounting is not a subject that can be mastered by mere memorization of the basic rules.It requires total involvement of the learner in the learning process, sound theoretical intensive practice in the application of basic principles. To what extent the financial accounting teachers involves this principles to teach financial accounting is yet to be determined. According to Ogunu(2000), poor academic performance has been identified as problem in Nigerian Secondary school. Public examination for example, WAEC(2000) Analysis of percentage performance of candidates in West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination for 1998,1999 and 2000 revealed 52.48%,58.38% and 51.21% percentage failure in financial Accounting. Akintelure(1998) blamed the problem on accounting teachers insensitively to the nature of financial accounting when planning instructional activities in the classroom. According to educational proponents, teaching methodologies has great influence in the outcome of the teaching learning process. The method that the teacher adopts will immeasurably determined how much he has achieved at the end of the day. The process of teaching financial accounting entails the use of both verbal and non verbal teaching aids, problem solving techniques which involves posing a problem in relation to the subject with the extent of the understanding of the students so as to enable them to take active participation in the teaching and learning process. The present study is an attempt to determine the strategies and teaching methods to enhance academic performance of financial accounting students in secondary schools.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Accounting like every other business subject has an inestimable value which it had played and still playing definite and important roles in the world of business. However, the academic performance of students in the field of study in the selected schools has not being considered for major investigation but rather past researchers had limited their research on the overall academic performance of students which has made it impossible to determine how students perform in financial accounting. It has been observed that despite the time allocated to the teaching of financial accounting in secondary schools, students offering this subject tends to encounter some problems which leads to their poor performance and such problems among others are:

Inadequate of teachers source
Inadequate of teaching aids and instructional materials.
Lack of motivation.

All these lapses prompted the researcher to undertake detail study on such retrogressive observation.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Since Financial Accounting is a subject which helps in the socio-economic development of the masses, it becomes pertinent for all hands to be on desk. If improvement is to be made generally, financial accounting like ever y other field or discipline is associated with some problems. It is on this ground that study is carried out to develop the strategies and teaching methods to enhance academic performance of financial accounting students in secondary schools.

The following are therefore objectives for which the study is carried out:

To determine the factors leading to poor performance of students in financial accounting.
To determine the teaching methods which can be adopted to significantly improve students academic performance in accounting.
To find out the strategies that will help to bring improvement on the students poor academic performance in the subject.

1.4 Research Questions

The study will be guided by the following methods;

What are the factors leading to poor performance of students in financial accounting?
What are the teaching methods which can be adopted to significantly improve students academic performance in accounting.
What are the strategies that will help to bring improvement on the students poor academic performance in the subject?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant relationship between teaching methods and students academic performance in accounting.

Ha: There is a significant relationship between teaching methods and students academic performance in accounting.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This research will highlight suggested ways for improving academic performance of students in financial accounting in some selected secondary school of Oyo East Local Government Area of Oyo State. The research will be relevant in the following areas:

The research work will try to find out ways of encouraging the present and future students of the selected secondary school of Oyo East Local Government Area of Oyo State so that they can have meaningful and personal relationship with their teachers.
This study will also assist teachers of financial accounting to design the appropriate methodology that fit into the curriculum of the subject.
The research work will be of immense assistance to financial accounting administrators especially the school principal, if the findings are thoroughly implemented.
The study will help students harness both the newly developed strategies and the existing ones so as to lead to improvement in their academic performance.
The findings of this study will also encourage parents/guardians of these students to know the importance of their roles in improving the students academic performance.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study would however be limited to five (5) secondary schools of Oyo East Local Government Area of Oyo State. Also the scope of the study will include only the students offering the subject. A total number of thirty(30) students both male and female students are to be selected from each selected secondary schools. male and female students totaling one hundred and fifty students.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. However, the researcher were able to manage these just to ensure the success of this study.

Moreover, the case study method utilized in the study posed some challenges to the investigator including the possibility of biases and poor judgment of issues. However, the investigator relied on respect for the general principles of procedures, justice, fairness, objectivity in observation and recording, and weighing of evidence to overcome the challenges.

1.9 Definition of the Terms

To enhance objectivity and effectiveness of this research, some important terms that are unavoidable are explicitly defined below:

1. Financial Accounting:

Can be defined as the process of collecting, recording, presenting and analyzing/interpreting financial information for the users of financial information. The beginning phase for financial accounting is the data collection which capture data and other relevant facts as they occur. The details are captured on source document. Examples of such source document include invoice, debit notes, credit notes, voucher etc.

2. Teaching:

Is a polymorphic process, it is an activities aimed at the achievement of learning and practicing in such a manner as to respect the students intellectual, integrity and capacity for independent judgment. It is also concern with the task of bringing about understanding and knowledge.Obanya(1980) pointed out that teaching is a series of interrelated activities engaged in the teacher to bring out changes in the learners behavior.

3. Strategies:

Mintzberg from Mc Gill University(2011) define strategy as a pattern in a stream of decision to contrast with a view of strategy as planning. Man McKeanon(2011) in his own definition argues that strategy is about shaping the future and is the human attempt to get desirable ends with available means.

4. Curriculum:

Is the totality of the experience which the learners has acquired under the direction of the school for the purpose of effecting desirable patterns of behavior. Tyler(1963)defined curriculum as all the learning of students which is planned and directed by the school to attain its education goals.

5. Teaching Methods:

This refers to the systematic orderly procedure in teaching and learning. Andery and Nicholas(1976) explained teaching methods as involving the relationship among pupils, teachers and materials. The organization of contents, its manner of presentation to the pupils and the activities pupils and teachers carryout.

1.10 Organization of the Studies

The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the strategies and teaching methods to enhance academic performance of financial accounting students in secondary schools in Oyo East Local Government Area of Oyo State..The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.

5.2 Summary of the Study

In this study, our focus was on the strategies and teaching methods to enhance academic performance of financial accounting students in secondary schools in Oyo East Local Government Area of Oyo State. The study is was specifically carried out to determine the factors leading to poor performance of students in financial accounting, determine the teaching methods which can be adopted to significantly improve students academic performance in accounting, find out the strategies that will help to bring improvement on the students poor academic performance in the subject.

The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 210 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are accounting teachers and students in some selected secondary school of Oyo East Local Government Area of Oyo State.

5.3 Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher concluded that;

The factors leading to poor performance of students in financial accounting includes: poor concept clarifications by teachers, ineffective use of teaching method, poor students’ assessment, students’ lack of interest, lack of adequate teaching/learning resources.
The teaching methods which can be adopted to significantly improve students academic performance in accounting includes: The inquiry based method, concept mapping instructional strategy, role playing method, the demonstration approach, lecture teaching methods.
The strategies that will help to bring improvement on the students poor academic performance in the subject includes: the use of audio-visual interactivity packages, provision of visual materials in the library, enhancement of students motivation, adoption of reinforcement practices, effective teacher-student communication.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.

To enhance effective instructional delivery and academic performance in Financial Accounting, eclectic method of teaching which involves the combination of two or more instructional strategies should be adopted in lesson delivery by teachers of financial accounting to enhance effectiveness in teaching and learning.
Traditional methods of teaching Financial Accounting as a social science subject should be replaced with a more motivating and rewarding vocational teaching methods by Financial Accounting teachers.
Financial Accounting curriculum should be redesigned and restructured to include teaching methods that promote students’ academic performance by curriculum designers.
Demonstration teaching method should be encouraged by Financial Accounting teachers through participatory learning process where utilization of teaching methods act as spring board for students acquisition of cognitive affective and psychomotor skills simultaneously.

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