Sex Education And Prevention Of Unwanted Pregnancy Among Teenage Girl In Choba Community

Sex Education And Prevention Of Unwanted Pregnancy Among Teenage Girl In Choba Community
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine sex education and prevention of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girl in Choba Community. The study was carried out to assess investigate the causes of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community, determine the extent teenage girls are sexually educated in Choba Community, find out whether the teaching of sex education will prevent the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community, and assess how sex education will reduce the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprised of teenage girl resident in Choba Community. In determining the sample size, the researcher purposefully selected 147 respondents and 141 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables, and mean scores. While the hypotheses was tested Chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that the causes of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community includes: peer pressure, sexual abuse or rape, teenage drinking, childhood environments, and poverty. Furthermore, the study revealed that the teaching of sex education will prevent the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community. Therefore, it is recommended that government through ministry of education or school management should organize awareness or enlightenment campaign on sexual abstinence in Nigeria. To mention but a few.
Table of Content
- Title Page
- Certification
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Content
- List of Tables
- Abstract
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypothesis
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Limitation of the Study
- 1.9 Definition of Terms
- 1.10 Organisations of the Study
Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample Size Determination
- 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
- 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Validity of the Study
- 3.9 Reliability of the Study
- 3.10 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.1 Data Presentation
- 4.2 Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Answering Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendation
- References
- APPENDIX
- QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Teenagers all over the world attract attention. This may be as a result of their seemingly radical behaviour at home to parents, their peculiar stubbornness at school or simply because of their future relevance to policy Health. In addition to its biomedical determinants, is influenced by many social and cultural factors. This influence is often negative with a resultant increase in the number of social hazards, which finally aggravate the already poor health status of the developing societies. One such social hazard of serious consequences on the nation as a whole is pregnancy in an adolescent girl, who herself is yet to attain her full growth potential (Beutel, 2000).
The transition from childhood to adulthood may be referred to as ‘adolescence’ or ‘teenage’, which has been defined by the World Health Organization as the period between 10-19 years (Brosh, Weigel, and Evans, 2007).
This is the period when structural, functional, and psychosocial developments occur in a child to prepare her for assuming the responsibility of motherhood. Child marriage and early confinement is a long established custom in India, with poverty and ignorance magnifying the problem (Brownson, 2009).
In our country, teenage pregnancies after marriage, in contrast to unwed pregnancies in developed countries, have social approval but have an adverse impact on maternal mortality and prenatal morbidity. Pregnancy in very young women is generally considered to be a very high risk event, because teenage girls are physically and psychologically immature for reproduction. In addition, there are some extrinsic factors such as inadequate prenatal care, illiteracy, and poor socio-economic conditions that affect the outcome of pregnancy in teenage girls (Center for Assessment and Policy Development, 1999).
Several medical complications like preterm birth, poor maternal weight gain, pregnancy-induced hypertension, anaemia, and sexually transmitted diseases are strongly associated with teenage pregnancy (Beutel, 2000). It also adversely affects the status of women. Preserving the health of women has been given high priority in the Reproductive and Child Health Program. Knowing the burden of pregnancy in teenagers will go a long way in advocacy and devising appropriate intervention measures (Duncan, 2011).
Socio-economic outcomes have been the traditional focus of research on teenage parents, often finding a negative impact on employment and earnings (Beutel, 2000). However, education can help to mitigate these negative outcomes. In 2008, workers who possessed a high school diploma or its equivalent earned, on average, nearly 44% ($10,000) more per year than those who dropped out of high school (Infoplease, 2011). For economic reasons alone, it pays to stay in school and graduate.
Education is widely recognized as the gateway to economic security and opportunity particularly for the girl child and this does not exclude Sex education (Nwajiuba 2011). Wikipedia(2011) defines sex education as a “a broad term used to describe about human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, abstinence, contraception, and other aspects of human sexual behavior.
Adepoju (2005) averred that in recent times, the youth who constitute ages 10-24 years and 36.7 per cent of the Nigerian population, are found to be highly vulnerable to antisocial behaviors such as violent crimes, unsafe sexual activities and drug abuse among others. Most parents believe their children need basic information about sex and sexual self protection. Mkumbo and Ingham (2010) posited that provision of Sex and Relationships Education (SRE) in schools is crucial in protecting young people against sexual health problems, such as HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancy. Alo and Akinde (2010) in their article titled “Premarital Sexual Activities in an Urban Society of Southwest Nigeria” asserted that “Nigeria is a relatively culturally conservative country; the topic of sex is still considered a taboo between parents and children. A child learns through the mass media and peers unguided.
Children learn the important topic of sex education in negative manners, rather than having proper sex socialization at home or in schools”. This point was buttressed by Chukwudum and Gloria (2001) when they posited that “Parent-child communication in sexual matters was either non-existent or negative before maturity, which for girls is at age of menarche.” Mothers are uncomfortable and think it is embarrassing imparting sex education to their daughters. They believe girls can get information through:
- Their friends and elder sisters;
- Doctors, health personnel and teachers;
They also feel sex education should be imparted to girls only after attaining menarche.
Although research shows that pregnancy is the leading factor limiting a teenage mother’s educational attainment, Zachry (2005) noted that other studies have suggested that these students’ reasons for leaving school have more to do with school policies and previous school experiences than with being pregnant. Teenage mothers have expressed negative perceptions about education, including a lack of relevance and a negative school environment. In her literature review, Zachry cited studies by several researchers who identified these issues as structural disorganization and negative teacher interactions.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
Odu and Christian (2007) posited that “teenage parenthood is by no means a new phenomenon, women have tended to begin childbearing during their teens and early twenties” and according to them “physical and sexual maturity among adolescents is not accompanied by an ability to handle their sexuality in a responsible manner. And it’s noted that young people, especially the very young are faced today with decision making beyond their experience”.
Olaitan (2010) asserted that “the problem of unwanted pregnancy can be due to poverty and ignorance of the parents on sex education. It has also been found that the type of films teenagers watch has exposed them negatively. Some fall victim of unwanted pregnancy through peer pressure since most parents think it is embarrassing to teach or talk to their children about sex education and feel the children should learn from friends, classmates or elder sisters. The consequences of unwanted pregnancy are numerous, he further asserted that “School attendance becomes more difficult or impossible while nursing a baby; the teenage mother may be forced to drop out from school. Where she is abandoned into the boy or the man responsible for her pregnancy, such forced cohabitation arrangements hardly last”. Female dropouts from school undermine the government’s efforts in ensuring education for all and achieving one of the Millennium Development Goals. The national productivity is also negatively affected as high school dropout rates due to teenage pregnancy and low education levels means lower human capital development, consequently leading to lower incomes and reduced contributions to the Gross Domestic Product. Despite all efforts made by the government and teachers in integrating sex education into the school curriculum, there is still a very high rate of teenage pregnancy recorded in the country (Adebayo and Isiakpona, 2012).
Arowojolu et al (2002) posited that “indiscriminate sexual intercourse exposes youths to the risk of sexually transmitted diseases especially where it involves multiple sexual partners. The implication of this is far-reaching, considering the several complications of STDs especially AIDS”.
Alo and Akinde (2010) reported that the consequences of premarital sex, STDs (as well as HIV) are higher for females than for males. If a young girl becomes pregnant, she places herself and her unborn child at further risk because a young girl’s body may not have developed to the point of being able to handle childbirth safely. Even if a teen mother escapes severe health consequences, she must still face the serious responsibilities of parenthood.
Ilika & Anthony (2004) posited that the health and social consequences of unwanted or unintended teenage pregnancy have been very much described. These include, among others, increased risk of maternal death, pregnancy and birth-related complications such as excessive bleeding, anaemia, obstructed labour, stillbirth and infant death The socio-economic consequences include education and job termination, somatization, and loss of self-esteem and perpetuation of the poverty trap and cycle. In view of the aforementioned, this study seek to examine sex education and prevention of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girl in Choba Community.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The general aim of the study is to examine sex education and prevention of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girl in Choba Community.
The study will further and specifically;
- Investigate the causes of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community.
- Determine the extent teenage girls are sexually educated in Choba Community.
- Find out whether the teaching of sex education will prevent the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community.
- Assess how sex education will reduce the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community.
1.4. Research Questions
- What are the causes of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community?
- Peer Pressure
- Sexual Abuse or Rape
- Teenage Drinking
- Childhood Environments
- Poverty
- What is the extent teenage girls are sexually educated in Choba Community?
- Will the teaching of sex education prevent the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community?
- How will sex education reduce the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community?
1.5. Research Hypothesis
- Ho: Sex education will not reduce the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community.
- Ha: Sex education will reduce the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will highlight the theoretical and practical uses of this research.
Theoretically, this work will provide a very useful data on the socio-economic effects of teenage pregnancy will help government adopt measures to reduce the trend of teenage pregnancy in Nigeria. It will also serve as a source of dependable information in the academic field which is aimed at enlightening parents, the community and spiritual leaders on the need to teach their followers on ways to avoid early pregnancy and most of all sex education.
Practically, this study will highlight some of the key factors responsible for teenage pregnancy among secondary school students at Obingwa in Abia State. It will also provide the extent sex education is received by teenagers in Owoahiafor secondary school.
In general, the information given will enable both the administrator of the school, traditional ruler, and parents to work jointly towards educating teenagers on sex and addressing those social alluring factors responsible for teenage pregnancy. The information heard will not only serve the social needs of the school and community but the entire Nigeria especially in Nigerian leaders who may be stimulated to come up with laws that will generally be applied to ensuring sex education is added to school curriculums and ensuring teenage pregnancy is reduced in the society.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study is carried out to assess sex education and prevention of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girl in Choba Community. The respondents for this study will be obtained among teenage girl resident in Choba Community.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
As every human endeavor is once faced with a constraint, the same was tenable during the period of this study. In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. In addition, there was the element of researcher bias. Here, the researcher possessed some biases that may have been reflected in the way the data was collected, the type of people interviewed or sampled, and how the data gathered was interpreted thereafter. The potential for all this to influence the findings and conclusions could not be downplayed. More so, the findings of this study are limited to the sample population in the study area, hence they may not be suitable for use in comparison to other tertiary institutions in other , states, and other countries in the world.
1.9 Operational Definitions of Terms
Adolescence:
This is a period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristic and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth roughly from 11 to 19 years of age.
Teenager:
Age of 13 to 19 years.
Teenage pregnancy: – when teenager becomes pregnant.
Sex Education
Sex education is instruction on issues relating to human sexuality, including human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual activity, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, abstinence, and birth control.
1.10 Organization of the Studies
The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings of the benefits and problems of social media usage among early childhood education undergraduates in Kwara State. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.
5.2 Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was to examine sex education and prevention of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girl in Choba Community. The study specifically was aimed to investigate the causes of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community, determine the extent teenage girls are sexually educated in Choba Community, find out whether the teaching of sex education will prevent the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community, and assess how sex education will reduce the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 141 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents are teenage girl resident in Choba Community.
5.3 Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher made the following conclusion
- The causes of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community includes: peer pressure, sexual abuse or rape, teenage drinking, childhood environments, and poverty.
- The extent teenage girls are sexually educated in Choba Community is low.
- The teaching of sex education will prevent the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community.
- Sex education will reduce the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls in Choba Community in the following ways: it will enhance the awareness teenagers on the causes of unwanted pregnancy, it will educate teenagers on implications of unwanted pregnancy, it will shape teenagers sexual behaviour, and it will inform teenagers on the importance of contraceptive.
5.4 Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.
- Sexuality education must be treated with utmost relevance by all parties just like any other subject in order to keep on meeting its objectives and even exceed it.
- Government through ministry of education or school management should organize awareness or enlightenment campaign on sexual abstinence in Nigeria.
- Students should be discourage from using contraceptive devices to prevent early pregnancy hence there is no 100% assurance or guarantee.
- School managements of secondary schools should periodically invite guest lecturers to give health talks to students outside the normal student learning process so as to increase the knowledge of sexuality health.


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