Problems And Prospects Of Small And Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeria

Project and Seminar Material for Economics

Problems And Prospects Of Small And Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeria

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to investigate small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria in order to identify their problems and prospects in Enugu metropolis. Sample size of 270 was drawn from the population of 828 registered companies in Enugu State in which a total of two hundred and seventy (270) copies of the questionnaire were administered out of which two hundred and forty (240) copies representing (89%) of the questionnaire were properly completed and retrieved while thirty (30) copies representing (11%) were not retrieved. The instruments used to gather information for this study includes both primary and secondary sources. The main instrument of data collection was the questionnaire. The data were presented in tables as frequency distribution in the data analysis, the techniques of percentage frequencies were used. The hypothesis was tested with chi-square method at 5% significance level. Having analysed the data, the following were the major findings, that there is improper implementation of its policies towards small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria; that small and medium scale enterprises provide effective means of stimulating indigenous entrepreneurship; that poor management practices, financial problems, lack of capital, lack of infrastructural facilities etc, hinder the performance of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria.

The study concludes that the role played by the government towards promotion and development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria is highly effective, in the sense that government supported small and medium scale enterprises through favourable investment policies, institutional and fiscal policy, protective business law and financial incentives; that small and medium scale enterprises had immensely contributed to the economic growth and development in Nigeria for they have been recognized as indispensable components of national development in both developed and developing economies; that there are various confronting constraints to the development of small and medium scale enterprises such as lack of planning, inimical government regulations, poor marketing strategies etc; that there is significant support given to small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria by government and other individual bodies.

Hence, it therefore recommends that government should ensure that there will be no improper implementation of its policies towards small and medium scale enterprises and should not in the area of incentive and infrastructural development neglect business activities to facilitate small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. That government should also adequately support small and medium scale enterprises financially to avoid lack of capital. Moreso, small and medium scale enterprises should ensure that they solve their internal problems which hinder the success of the small and medium scale enterprises. For instance, they should ensure that there is effective management practices or expertise, effective accounting standards, adequate manpower and avoid financial indiscipline and corruption in order to boost their performances.

Table Of Contents

Preliminary Page(s)

  • Title i
  • Declaration ii
  • Certification iii
  • Dedication iv
  • Acknowledgements v
  • Abstract vi
  • List of tables x

Chapter One:

Introduction

  • 1.1 Background to the Study
  • 1.2 Statement of the Problem
  • 1.3 Objectives of the Study
  • 1.4 Research Question
  • 1.5 Research Hypotheses
  • 1.6 Significance of the Study
  • 1.7 Scope of the Study
  • 1.8 Limitations of the Study
  • 1.9 Definition of Terms
  • 1.10 Profile of Selected Firms
  • References

Chapter Two:

Review Of Related Literature

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Conceptual Framework
  • 2.2.1 History of small and medium scale enterprises
  • 2.2.2 Establishing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria
  • 2.2.3 Neglect of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria
  • 2.2.4 Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: Revisiting Government Intervention
  • 2.3 Theoretical Framework
  • 2.3.1 Problems Associated with Government Efforts towards Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMES)
  • 2.3.2 Promoting Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry
  • 2.3.3 Financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) By Commercial Banks
  • 2.3.4 Equity and Venture Financing in Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) Era
  • 2.4 Empirical Review
  • 2.4.1 Problems of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria
  • 2.4.2 Prospects of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria
  • 2.4.3 The Role/Importance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) to The Nigeria Economy
  • Summary of Review Literature
  • Highpoints
  • Gaps in Reviewed Literature
  • References

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Research Design
  • 3.3 Area of Study
  • 3.4 Sources of Data Collection
  • 3.4.1 Primary Source of Data
  • 3.4.2 Secondary Source of Data
  • 3.5 Instruments for Data Collection
  • 3.6 Determination of Population Size
  • 3.7 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size Determination
  • 3.8 Method of Data Analysis
  • References

Chapter Four:

Presentation And Analysis Of Data

  • 4.1 Data Presentation, Interpretation and Analyses
  • 4.2 Respondents Characteristics and Classifications
  • 4.3 Presentation and Analysis of Data According to Research Statement
  • 4.4 Presentation and Analysis of Data According to Research Hypothesis

Chapter Five:

Findings, Conclusion And Recommendations

  • 5.1 Summary of Findings
  • 5.2 Conclusion
  • 5.3 Recommendations
  • Area for Further Study
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix

List Of Tables

  • Table 4.1: Analysis of Response Rate
  • Table 4.2: Sex distribution of respondents
  • Table 4.3: Age distribution of respondents
  • Table 4.4: Marital distribution of respondents
  • Table 4.5: Educational qualification of respondents
  • Table 4.6: Years in service of respondents
  • Table 4.7-4.22: Analysis of responses to research questions

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

The role of small and medium scale enterprises in developing countries, Nigeria in particular is progressively becoming significant. Significant in the sense that all available resources in any given situation in the economic well-being of a nation must be developed for industrialization and ultimately consumption through the small and medium scale businesses. Hence, the impact and potential contribution of small and medium scale businesses on a broad and diverse base as well as their accelerated effect in achieving macro economic objectives pertaining full employment, income distribution and the development of local technology, make the existence most inevitable. Therefore, the importance of small and medium scale enterprises in particular to the general economic development of any nation especially a developing one like Nigeria cannot be over emphasized.

Small and medium scale enterprises (SMES) have been recognized as indispensable components of natural development in both developed and developing economies. This subsector of the economy is globally acknowledged to contribute substantially in enhancing employment creation or generation, poverty alleviation, equitable distribution of resources, income redistribution, technical and technological innovation, entrepreneurial skills development, more uniform industrial and economic region- moreover, they have been touted strategic in ensuring food security and encouraging rapid industrialization and reversal of rural-urban migration.

Although small and medium scale enterprises (SMES) are seen as veritable engines of economic development, the growth and development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria have been slow and in some cases even stunted, due to a number of problems and challenges confronting this all-important sub-sector of the economy. Some of the problems highlighted in the body of literature as being responsible for the slow growth and development of the small and medium scale enterprises include: deplorable infrastructural facilities funding and financing challenges; inadequate managerial and entrepreneurial skills; corruption and lack of transparency arising from government regulation and regulators etc.

It had been argued that the most disturbing among these challenging is funding, but concedes that most new small business enterprises are not attractive prospects for banks as they want to minimize their risk profile. Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Africa have therefore been found to rely largely on own savings, not only to grow, but also to innovate, whereas firms often need real services support and formal finance assistance, failing which under investment in long term capabilities (Training and R & D) may result on the other hand, small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria had been blamed for poor performance on management practices, poor access to finds, low equity participation from stakeholders, poor infrastructural facilities, shortage of skilled manpower, multiplicity of regulating agencies and the over-bearing operating environment, societal and attitudinal problems, little access to markets and lack of access to information.

In spite of these problems and challenges, Government and other financial institutions had held out programmes for the prospects of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. The current economic reform process ongoing in Nigeria aimed at reducing poverty, unemployment and strengthening of basic institutions and sub-sector of the economy target at improving and enhancing the capacity of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) as instrument of economic growth and development.

A lot has been said and written about small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) the world over. It has also formed the subject of discussion in so many seminars and workshops both locally and internationally. In the same token, government at various level (Local, State and federal levels) have in one way or the other focused on the small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs). While some governments had formulated policies aimed at facilitating, empowering the growth, development and performance of the small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) to grow through soft loans and other fiscal incentives.

International agencies and organizations (World Bank), United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), International Finance Corporation (IFC), United Kingdom, Department for International Development (DFID), European Investment Bank (EIB) etc are not only keenly interested in making small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) robust and vibrant in them. Locally, the several non governmental organizations such as fate foundation, Support and Training Entrepreneurship Programme (STEP), the Nigeria Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC), the Association of Nigeria Development Finance Institution (ANDFI), as well as Individual Development Finance Institution (IDFI) have been promoting the growth of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria through advocacy and capacity building imitative and have continued to canvass for better support structures for operator in the small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) sub-sector.

However, this project work examines the respective strengths and drawbacks associated with the historical trends and efforts at developing small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. It identifies and analyses the opportunities provided for the promotion of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. Here, this study titled “small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria, the problems and prospects” cannot come at a better time.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Nigerian National economy is characterized by mirage of problems which has constituted a sleepless night to developmental oriented governance. The most disturbing problems are that government has not played a favourable role towards the promotion and development of small and medium scale enterprises, in the sense that government creats unfavourable fiscal policy inconsistencies and lack of the infrastructural facilities by the government, which have stunted and stagnated the growth of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. small and medium scale enterprises are seen as a veritable engines of economic development, but the growth and development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria have been slow and in some cases even stunted, due to a number of problems and challenges confronting this all-important sub-sector of the economy. Some of these problems includes: financial problems, poor management expertise, poor accounting system, lack of materials etc, which the researcher tends to find solution to them. Moreso, in Nigeria, most small and medium scale enterprises are folding up or lack competitiveness because they lack the much required financial capacity to prosecute their manufacturing concern.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to identify and consequently analyze the most effective and efficient way through which small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) could be financed and promoted, thereby taking into consideration of various conditions such as economic, political, social, psychological etc. under which small and medium scale enterprises are encouraged to operate. In so doing this the researcher intends giving and in-depth information and analysis on the various strategies through which small and medium scale enterprises can be developed and encouraged.

In view of the above the researcher intends to:

  1. Assess the role played by government towards promotion and development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria.
  2. To identify the economic potential of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria.
  3. To identify the constraints confronting the development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria.
  4. To examine the financial support given to small and medium scale enterprises by government and other individual bodies.

1.4 Research Questions

These are well structured questions designed to guide the researcher in data collection and whose answers provide solutions to the problem(s) under investigation. At the back of the mind of the investigator is the question: would answers to those questions provide solutions to the perceived problem being studied following our topic the researcher could raise the following research questions.

  1. How do we assess the role played by the government towards promotion and development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria?
  2. What impacts do small and medium scale enterprises create to Nigeria’s economic growth?
  3. What are the constraints confronting the development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria?
  4. What is the trend of the financial support given to small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

Like research questions, hypotheses help to provide direction and facilitate the collection of data and its subsequent analysis and conclusion inference. Unlike research questions, hypotheses are structured differently. They are not posed as questions. Rather, they are stated as a possible solution(s) to the observed problem.

Here, in the research work, the following hypotheses are formulated by the researcher.

  1. The role played by government towards promotion and development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria is highly effective.
  2. Small and medium scale enterprises have immensely contributed to the economic growth in Nigeria.
  3. Financial problems, poor management practices or expertise, poor accounting system, lack of materials, government unfavourable fiscal policy and lack of infrastructural facilities are the major constraints to the development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria.
  4. There is significant financial support given to small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria by government and other individual bodies in order to thrive.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study when completed will be a valuable help to various stakeholders for implementations with the concerned efforts of all and sundry including: governments at all levels, SME promoters etc.

Policy makers:

It guides them in making policies and regulations that will create enabling environment for small and medium scale enterprises.

SMEs:

This study will enable them to identify the problems confronting the development of small and medium scale enterprises.

Investors/Entrepreneurs:

It will enable them to know what they expected of government in the promotion of small and medium scale enterprises. It will also enable them to know the cost involvement in establishing the small and medium scale enterprises.

Companies:

They will also benefit from this study, since they are interested in the overall success, operational and financial efficiency evaluation of the firm.

Student/Researchers:

This study will also be a benefit to them, since they are curious in studying or knowing more about the topic and in their research work.

1.7 Scope of the Study

Because the researcher could not be able to cover the whole of Nigerian small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs). The researcher narrowed it down to the number of registered small and medium scale enterprises in Enugu metropolis where the sample size was determined. This study covered the problems and prospects of some selected small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

Certain limitations were encountered in the course of this study, key among these includes:

Unavailability of Data

One of the greatest challenges the researcher encountered in this study relates to access to and collection of hard data due to extreme data gaps and pan city. This compelled the researcher to limit the study to small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria, thus excluding cottage and micro enterprises whose challenges through comparable could be fundamentally different from those of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs).

Time and Funds

Another limitation of this study relates to time, funds and logistics constraints, which limited the intensity of the spread or are of coverage of the study.

Resistance of Respondents

The researcher was also limited by the reluctance of some respondents to complete them at all.

1.9 Definition of Terms

1. Medium Enterprise:

Company with total cost including working capital but excluding cost of land is above hundred million naira (300,000,000) and a staff strength of between seventy-one (71) and two hundred (200) full time workers and with an annual turnover of more than twenty million naira (20,000,000).

2. Small Enterprise:

An enterprise whose total cost including working capital but excluding cost of land is between ten million naira (10,000,000) and one hundred million naira (100,000,000) and workforce between eleven (11) and seventy (70) full time staff and a turnover of not more than ten million naira (10,000,000) in a year.

3. Large Enterprise:

Any enterprise whose total cost including working capital but excluding cost of land is above three hundred million naira (300,000,000) and a labour force of over two hundred (200) workforce and an annual turnover of more than twenty million naira (20,000,000).

4. Micro Enterprise:

A firm, whose total cost including working capital but excluding cost of land is not more than ten million naira (10,000,000) and/or with a labour size of not more than thirty (30) full time workers and/or a turnover of less than two million naira (2,000,000).

5. Economic Growth:

This means the enhancement of profit generated by the designed economic resources of a nation or individual.

6. Entrepreneur:

This means a person who organizes and manages a commercial understanding.

7. Investor:

This is a person who commits fund into business undertaken with a view of financial return.

8. Management:

This is seen as the process of getting things done through other people who involves planning, controlling and decision making.

9. Government:

This could mean the body of persons governing a state.

10. Business Firm:

This means a business organization in which an individual or group of individuals organizes and operates to have profit in return.

11. Financial Institution:

This could be a financial system of any country’s set of institutional and other arrangements put in place for the transfer of savings from those who generate them to those who ultimately use them for investment or consumption.

1.10 Profile of Selected Firms

Juhel Nigeria Limited Enugu Nigeria
The Company’s Profile:

Juhel Nigeria Limited is located at Emene in Enugu, capital of Enugu State, Nigeria. Is a 100% indigenous company incorporated in 1987 with RC No.104.648 as a wholesale pharmaceutical company. In answer to calls for local provision of cost-effective generic products to fill the gap left by multinational companies operating in the country; the founder, Dr. Ifeanyi Okoye, Mni, with a focused vision, venture into production and the factory was commissioned in 1989 as the first pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing company in old Anambra State.

Juhel Nigeria Limited is committed to excellent of staff and management, and support from numerous customers nationwide, the company is ranked as one of the fastest growing pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Brand and product range of Juhel have since grow in strength and include virtually all the pharmaceutics classes, such as, antibiotics and anti-infective, cardiovascular, anti-diabetics, anti-malaria, cough and cold, vitamins and mineral water IVY table water.

Juhel Nigeria Limited strong management team comprises of accomplished professionals who excelled in both their academic and professional career. The team leader is Dr. Ifeanyi Okoye, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer, Ph.D holder in pharmaceutical technology, a member of national institutes, mni, and a fellow of the pharmaceutical society of Nigeria (EPSN).

Innoson Group of Company, Nigeria Ltd
The Company’s Profile

Mr. Innocent Chukwuma (Innoson) is a resourceful and accomplished entrepreneur of international repute. His trading outfits which started in 1976 has successfully grown into a big trading giant of blue chip status. His visionary attributes saw the company diversifying into manufacturing away from distributive trade in support of the Federal Government industrialization policy hence the group motorcycle manufacturing/assembly plants in Nnewi and plastic manufacturing plant in Emene, Enugu with a trade name, Innoson, which is fast becoming a household name in Nigeria.

Chief Innoson Chukwuma is an entrepreneur of high repute, born in 1961 at Umudim Nnewi, Anambra State. Through his ingenuity he transformed the small trading business he started in 1981 after his education to a corporate organization of international recognition. He is a man endowed with high business acumen that dazed his contemporaries when he became the first private Nigerian to locally assemble automobiles as well as motorcycles. Undoubtedly Chief Chukwuma is a whiz kid with midas touch.

Albertina Trading Company
The Company’s Profile

Albertina Company is renowned producer of filling, labeling and capping machines. The company machinery finds its use in food, cosmetics, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Range of machine Albertina produces is very wide, both in terms of capacity and in terms of package sizes. In addition to various types of machines, the company also supply complete filling lines with the capacity from 500 up 12,000 bottles per hour.

The lines include filling, capping, labeling machines, shrink tunnels, conveyor belts, etc. Albertina Company is reliable partner not only in production, but also in consultancy service and certification including certification of lines for an environment with explosion hazard. We also provide installment and operational qualifications in pharmaceutical industry.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusion And Recommendations

5.1 Summary of Findings

On the analysis relating to the responses on the small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria: problems and prospect reveals that accelerated economic growth and development is a sine qua non for improving the quality of life.

However, the analysis showing responses on whether small and medium scale enterprises contribute to global economic growth and development, reveals that majority of respondents agreed on that.

Analyses of the research statement reveal that frequent changes and sometimes conflicting government monetary policies have in any way tend to hurt small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria.

It discovers from the analysis that Government neglect small and medium scale enterprises in the area of incentive and infrastructural development of facilitate business entity as majority of respondent strongly agreed on that.

The analysis of the responses also discloses that government and other individual bodies have given small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria financial support in order to thrive.

Analysis on the responses also reveals that entrepreneurship reduces poverty and improve standard of living as majority strongly agreed on the statement.

From the findings and as indicated in the table 14, it shows that majority of the respondents strongly agreed that government established various support institutions and reliefs measures aimed at improving small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria.

On the analysis relating to the responses on the statement that small and medium scale enterprises provided effective means of stimulating indigenous entrepreneurship, it reveals that majority of respondents strongly agreed on the statement.

Entrepreneurship can promote industrial and technological growth as revealed from the analysis of responses.
It also shows that unemployment is detrimental to economic growth and development as majority of respondents agreed on the statement.

Analysis of the research statement reveals that poor management practices constrain the success of small and medium scale enterprises. It also discovers from the analysis of responses that lack of infrastructural facilities hinder the performance of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria.

Lastly, the hypotheses tested in the table 18 shows that majority of the respondents strongly agreed that there is significant relationship existing between government, promotion and development of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria.

Table 15 indicates from the analysis of responses that small and medium scale enterprises have immensely contributed to the economic growth in Nigeria.

Table 21, shows that there are confronting constraints to the development of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria as the majority of respondents strongly agreed on the statement.

While, table 12, also reveals that government and other bodies have given small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria financial support in order to thrive.

5.2 Conclusion

This study has been an attempt to examine small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria: problems and prospect, having gone through the whole length of data analysis, hypothesis, testing and discussions. The following conclusions are hereby drawn that the role played by government towards promotion and development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria is highly effective, in the sense that government supported small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) through favourable investment policies, institutional and fiscal policy, protective business law and financial incentives to encourage the national development and indigenization policy which small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) are very central to. Several micro lending institutions were established to enhance the capacity and development of small and medium scale enterprises and liberalization of the banking sector to enhance the banking institutions for effective participation in the growth and capacity building of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria.

That small and medium scale enterprise has immensely contributed to the economic growth and development in Nigeria, in the sense that they have been recognized as indispensable components of national development in both developed and developing economies. This sector of the economy acknowledged to contribute substantially in enhancing employment creation, poverty alleviation, equitable distribution of resources, income distribution, technical and technological innovation, entrepreneurial skills development, more uniform industrial and economic region.

That there are various confronting constraints to the development of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria, in the sense that, it is worrisome that despite the incentives, favourable policies and regulations and preferential support by government aimed at improving small and medium scale enterprises, has performed below expectation in Nigeria. While the challenges associated to small and medium scale enterprises and their failure has been widely acclaimed. Some of these include, lack of planning, inimical government regulations, poor marketing strategies, lack of technical know-how, lack of infrastructural facilities, lack of capital and internal characteristics and problems which includes, poor management practices, poor accounting standards, shortage of manpower, financial indiscipline and corruption etc. There is significant support given to small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria by government and other individual bodies in order to thrive.

5.3 Recommendations

The impact of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized, hence it has been seen, has a pivotal instrument of economic growth and development either in developed or developing economic. In the lights of the above analysis, the researcher recommend government should ensure that there will be no improper implementation of its policies towards small and medium scale enterprises and should not in the area of incentive and infrastructural development neglect business activities to facilitate small and medium scale enterprises. The researcher also recommends that government should also adequately support small and medium scale enterprises financially, to avoid lack of capital, perhaps by creating lending institutions to enhance the capacity of small and medium scale enterprises.

Moreover, small and medium scale enterprises should ensure that they resolve their internal problems which hinder the success of the small and medium scale enterprises. For instance, they should ensure that there effective management practices or expertise effective accounting standards, adequate manpower and avoid financial indiscipline and corruption in order to boost the performance of the small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria.

Area for further study

Though, the researcher has undertaken a research work on the problems and prospects of small and medium scale enterprises here in Nigeria in which findings and recommendations have been drawn. But that should not solve the same problems in which other small and medium scale enterprises in other countries of the world are encountering. Therefore, it should be an area of further study for the future researchers to follow the same procedure or step to find out similar problems and prospects of small and medium scale enterprises in other countries of the world, so that the study would be universally and globally accepted.

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