Poverty Alleviation On Plantain And Banana Farmers

Poverty Alleviation On Plantain And Banana Farmers
Abstract
The study focused on poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers in Ovia South North East Local Government Area of Edo State. The study had five specific objectives which aimed at determining the extent of plantain and banana farmers’ awareness of (EADP) Programme role toward poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers, the constraints of ADP programmes on poverty alleviation. It aimed at identifying appropriate measures implored and the effective strategies to improve accessibility of the programme to Youth to achieve poverty alleviation. Five research questions were answered and five null hypotheses were also tested. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study and a self-designed four-point rating scale questionnaire was used to collect data. The population of the study was 1,811,612 consisting of both male and female plantain and banana farmers in Edo state. A sample of six hundred (600) respondents was randomly selected for the study. Six hundred copies of questionnaire were distributed but 550 were retrieved. Data collected were analyzed using statistical tools. Percentage scores were used to analyze the demographic variables of the respondents, while research questions were answered using mean scores. Any item with mean score of 2.50 or above was accepted, otherwise rejected. Also the five null hypotheses were tested using t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) at alpha, 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that all the five null hypotheses were rejected .The finding of the study revealed that, Agricultural Development Project had not played any significant role in poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers in Edo state. It was concluded that most of the plantain and banana farmers were not aware of the existence of the Edo state Agricultural Development programme. There were a number of constraints preventing plantain and banana farmers’ access to ESADP Programme lack of education among majority of the plantain and banana farmers had a negative effect on the awareness of the ESADP Programmes. In order to ensure effective role of ESADP in poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers in Edo state it was recommended that; government should provide adequate funding for the ESADP programme. Extension agents should be employed and deployed to all parts of the state to create awareness.
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
One of the most challenging problems comforting the Nigeria nation today is how to significantly address the problem of a widespread and rising incidence of poverty among the populace. Available statistics shows that as much as 70.8% of the populace lived on less than us & I a day and are thus classified as extremely poor. This is an increase from 15% in 1970, 46.3% in 1985 and 65.6% in 1996 (Fos, 1996). Apart from death due to starvation and other health hazards that these poor people are rarely faced with, poverty induced hunger and malnutrition are known to impair mental (intelligent quotient) development in children and could lead to a large loss in quality of life, productivity and economic growth in developing countries(Von,2005). Empirical evidence on the level of poverty in Nigeria is that the poor are predominantly the rural households that depend primarily on agricultural income. (Philip et al., 2009).
Poverty is a multi dimensional phenomenon that affect many aspect of human conditions ranging from the physical, moral to the psychological (Agbi, 2013). It is defined as the state of being poor or deficient in money or means of subsistence. The concept of basic subsistence is a measured by the availability of infrastructural services such as safe water, sanitation, solid water collection, health care, schools and security. (Agbi, 2013)
Poverty can also be defined based on the concept of access to opportunities and resources, concern for human rights and environmental challenges. Other factors include exposure to violence, injustice, powerlessness and uncertainty in the face of unexpected situations like sickness, accidents and natural disasters. Poverty in Nigeria is characterized by hunger, homelessness, disease, malnutrition, high child mortality rate, family disintegration, unemployment, human trafficking, child labour, kidnapping, killing, sexual assault, drug abuse, prostitution and high mortality rate (Agbi, 2013).
Poverty alleviation involves the improving of the lives of poor people (Shringal, 2000). Poverty alleviation is the result of overall economic growth and result from an increase in human and physical capita (Krugman et al., 2009).
According to Bharati (2005), the process usually followed in poverty alleviation programs is as follows
- Find the main activity of the target group
- Turn the activity in an economic activity capable of generating income
- Involve as many members of the target group a possible in the economic activity.
- Educate the target group on personal finance to enable them use the generated income to improve their lives
- This process is expected to diffuse through the community.
In a bid to overcome poverty of Nigeria, government has initiated different policies and structural programmes between 1997 till date. These programmes includes: Directorial of food, Road and Rural Infrastructure (DFFRI), Better Life Programme (BLP), National Directorate of Employment (NDE), People’s Bank of Nigeria (PBN), Community Bank (CB), Family Support Program (FSP), Family Economic Advanced Programme (FEAP), Poverty Eradication Programme (PEP), National Poverty Eradication Program (NAPEP) and National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS). Their aims are to ameliorate the suffering of the people by providing them employment opportunities and access to credit facilities to enable them establish their own business. (Adebisi, 2011).
Plantain and banana are staple food for rural and urban consumers as they provide an important source of rural income, particularly for small holders who produce them in compound or home gardens (Nweke et al., 1988).
Banana is the world’s second (2nd) most important fruit crop after oil palm. It is grown in 130 countries worldwide. World production stands at 71 million metric tonnes while plantain is grown in 52 countries with world production of 33million metric tonnes (FAO, 2004). However, no African country is ranking among the top 10 countries for banana production in the world wide eight (8) African countries are among the top world producers of plantain with Nigeria ranking as the fifth highest producers of the crop (FAO, 2004). Presently, plantains are of less importance than banana in terms of world trade in the genus but in West and central Africa about 70 million people are estimated to derive more than one quarter of their food energy requirement from plantain (Robbison, 1996).
Acceptable to Nigerians, plantain and banana is a versatile food in the kitchen as well as raw materials for many popular delicacies and snacks. This reason plus the growing population of Nigeria leads to an enormous increase in demand for the crop in the consumers market. Among plantain products are plantain flower, chips, beer and ethanol. The ripe ones are sliced and fried in oil as “dodo”. Over ripe ones are both compacted and fried in oil as “dodo ikire” or mixed with plantain flour to make “ekuru”, a delicious local dish. In some parts of Nigeria, selling of roasted plantain “boli” and fried whole fruits “ogene” are both thriving business that provide job opportunities for thousand young girls and women. Ogazi (1996)
The unripe ones can be fried in vegetable oil to obtain plantain chips known as “pekere” in Nigeria. Plantain chips are the most popular plantain products in Nigeria. These are sold on the streets or by small and medium scale companies which deliver them to super markets. The peels of plantain are used as animal feed for livestock, manure and mulching materials. The peels constitute valuable fodder for goats and sheep. Ogazi(1996)
Banana can be eaten when ripe, it is used to make banana juice. Some people eat the fruits with groundnut, rice or to drink garri. Apart from being useful as staple food for human being, it can be used in preparation of various products as juice, jam, soft drink etc. it contains carbohydrate, calcium, iron, fat, phosphourus, vitamin A, B1, B2, and C (Ngeze and Gathumbi, 2004, Anochilli and Tindall, 1986). All these attributes of the product offer it a high demand in the market. It can thus be seen that there is a large market for the products of plantain and banana farmers.
Agriculture is considered the core to the anti poverty effort (World Bank, 2005), so it is only natural to expect that engagement in a productive business like plantain and banana farming will yield income and thus further the goal of poverty alleviation for the farmers.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Nigeria is one of the most resource endowed nations in the world. But socio-economically, Nigerians are also among the poorest in the world (Etim et al., 2009). The poverty situation in Nigeria is quite disturbing considering the vast human and physical resources that the country is endowed with (Okunmadema et al., 2005). Many initiatives and projects have been under taken in order to reduce poverty; the reduction of poverty is difficult challenge facing most developing countries where the average majority of the population is considered poor. According to Ogwumike (1998), evidence in Nigeria shows that the number of those in poverty has continued to increase from 29% in 1980, to 46% in 1985, it declined slightly to 42% in 1992, and increased very sharply to 67% in 1996. By 1996, estimates had it that more than 70% of Nigerians live in poverty.
NBS (2007) revealed that about 69 million people were living in poverty in 2004 which represent 54.4% of the Nigerian population. Sectorial disaggregation show urban poverty rate of 43.1% and rural poverty rate 63.8% in the same year (Adeyonu et al., 2002). Incidentally, the rural sector is the predominant sector in Nigeria economy. Evidences abound that among the rural poor people, the farming households are poor. For instance Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) (1999), Olaniyan and Bankole (2005) reveals that in 1980, 1985, 1992, 1996 and 2004, the incidence of poverty were 32.1, 43.1, 38.7, 72.3 and 64.4 percent respectively for Nigerian farming households and 16.3, 37.2, 36.0 58.0 and 59.2 percent for their non farming counterparts respectively. This shows that poor families are more in farming households than non farming households in Nigeria.
While a plethora of poverty reduction programmes have been put by various governments in Nigeria, poverty enabated calling to question the effectiveness of these efforts (Philip et al., 2009) hence the need to identify and examine alternative strategies or solutions of these group out of poverty.
Plantain and banana have been crops of extra ordinary significance to the rural poor household and the human societies. Cultivations of both crops is mainly a medium gestation agricultural investments as against long gestation agricultural investment such as cash crops and livestock production (Philip et al., 2009). In the absence of functioning capital, credits coupled with failure of government to put in place safety nets for the rural poor household, it is difficult, if not possible for a resource poor farm household to invest in long gestation farm projects.
It is against this background that plantain and banana production will be focused on as a means of boosting rural household income.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The general objective of this study is to examine the poverty alleviation of plantain and banana. The specific objectives are however to:
- Identify the role of plantain and banana farmers‟ awareness of ADP programme in poverty alleviation in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State.
- Identify the role of ADP effort in poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State.
- Identify the constraints of ADP role in poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State.
- Identify the role of ADP strategies in poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State.
- Identify the role of ADP measures of improvement in poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State.
1.4 Research Questions
For the purpose of this research work the following research questions were raised.
- What is the extent of plantain and banana farmers‟ awareness of ADP programme?
- What are the practical efforts of ADP programme in poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State?
- What are the constraints of ADP in poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State?
- What are the strategies of ADP programme in poverty alleviation among plantain and banana farmers in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State?
- What are ADP measures of improvement in plantain and banana farmers‟ poverty alleviation in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
In line with the specific objectives and the research questions the following null hypotheses were tested.
- ADP programme awareness has no significant role on plantain and banana farmers‟ poverty alleviation in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State.
- ADP programme effort has no significant role on to plantain and banana farmer‟s poverty alleviation in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State.
- ADP programme constraints have no significant role on plantain and banana farmers‟ poverty alleviation in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State.
- ADP programme strategies have no significant role on plantain and banana farmers poverty alleviation in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State.
- ADP programme measure of improvement has no significant role on plantain and banana farmers‟ poverty alleviation in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study will be significant in many ways:
Youths will become aware that if they embrace ADP programme it will provide them with self employment. The study will sensitize all the three (3) tiers of Governments on the alarming rate of among the Youths poverty and the need to promote Vocational Agricultural Training that would assist in massive production to reduce the youths‟ unemployment. Through this study Government would be able to keep properly the record of Youths unemployment in Edo state and this can help in planning of poverty alleviation programme. The finding will enable the educators, researchers, and general public to consider ADP programme as a means of poverty alleviation. In addition, the study will bridge the gap between the previous studies on ADP and poverty alleviation and also serve as reference for further research studies.
1.7 Delimitation of the Study
The study was delimited to:
- All the farmers between 15-34 yrs of age in Edo state.
- The following programmes of ADP. Namely: Fadama Projects, National Programme on Food Security. Community Based, Agricultural and Rural Development Programmes (CBRADP). Commercial Agricultural Development Programme (CADP). Irrigation Development Programme, Agricultural Enhancement Programme and Root and Tubers Expansion Programme (RTEP).
In addition, the study was delimited to four (4) ADPs zones in Edo state namely: Ovia North east Local Government Area.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
This chapter contained the summary of work, it also contained conclusions drawn and recommendations made base on the analysis of data for the studies.
5.1 Summary
This study was carried out to find out the poverty alleviation on plantain and banana farmers in Ovia North East L.G.A, Edo State. The study had five specific objective which aimed at determining the extent of Youths awareness of (EADP) Programme role toward poverty alleviation among Youths, the constraints of ADP programme on poverty alleviation. Also identify appropriate measures to be implore, and the effective strategies for improve accessibility of the programme to Youth to achieved poverty alleviant. Five research questions were answered and five null hypotheses were also tested. The survey research design was adopted for the study and a designed four point rating scale questionnaire was used to collect the data. The population of the study was 1,811,612consisting of both male and female Youths in Edo state. A sample of six hundred (600) respondents were selected for the study. The data collected were analyzed using statistical tools. Percentage were used to analyze the demographic variables of the respondents while research questions were answered using mean scores.
Any questionnaire item with a mean score of 2.50 or above was accepted, otherwise, rejected. Similarly, the null hypotheses two was tested using t-test and it the result showed that the null hypothesis was rejected. Furthermore, the null hypotheses one, three, four and five were tested using ANOVA and the result showed that all the four null hypotheses were also rejected. Finally, the findings of the study revealed that Agricultural Development Project had not play any significance role in poverty alleviation among the Youths in Edo state.
5.2 Conclusion
On the bases of the result of the findings, the researcher concluded that;
EADP is not having serious influence on poverty alleviation among young farmers as type of programme effort constraint, strategies and major taking to improved access to the programme as most of the indices are having weak influence. The implication here is that most of the programme are not well implemented as they should be to reach the real target whose majority are young farmers.
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the findings from the study the following recommendation was made:
- Government should provide adequate funding for Edo state Agricultural Development Project (EADP) programme to make her achieve the programme of poverty alleviation among Youths in the state.
- Efforts should be made to eliminate all identified constraints that prevented Youths from having effective access and awareness about ADP programs iii.Extension agents should be employed and deployed to all parts of the state to create awareness on the existence of Edo state Agricultural Development Project (EADP) and its programmes that can create self employment among the Youths.
5.4 Suggestions for Further Studies
The researcher suggested the following
- A study on the Role of Agricultural Development Project (ADP) in poverty
alleviation among the youth in other state of the country. - Comparative study of Agricultural Development Project (ADP) programmes and poverty alleviation among Youths.
- Influence of Agricultural Development Project (ADP) programmes on poverty alleviation among Youths.
- Implication of youth involvement in programmes designed by Edo state Agricultural Development Project (EADP) programme to achieve poverty alleviation among Youths in the state.


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