Poor Sanitation And Its Effect On Human Health
Poor Sanitation And Its Effect On Human Health
Abstract
This study was carried out on poor sanitation and its effect on human health using Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State as case study. The study was carried out to find out prevalence of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State, find out the level of residents knowledge of proper sanitation practices, ascertain the practices contributing the situation of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State, determine the whether poor sanitation contributes to the spread of communicable diseases and determine the whether poor sanitation have a negative impact on health of Aba North residents. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprised of residents in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State. In determining the sample size, the researcher purposefully selected 160 respondents and 141 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables, and mean scores. While the hypotheses was tested chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that prevalence of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State is high. Furthermore, the result of the findings reveals that the practices contributing the situation of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State includes: indiscriminate littering, improper domestic wastewater discharge, poor sewage disposal and lack of basic amenities. Therefore, it is recommended that the government should enforce existing environmental sanitation regulations in order to sanction house owners without basic environmental sanitation facilities. To mention but a few.
Table of Content
- Title Page
- Certification
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Content
- List of Tables
- Abstract
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypothesis
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Limitation of the Study
- 1.9 Definition of Terms
- 1.10 Organisations of the Study
Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample Size Determination
- 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
- 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Validity of the Study
- 3.9 Reliability of the Study
- 3.10 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.1 Data Presentation
- 4.2 Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Answering Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendation
- References
- APPENDIX
- QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
All over the world, poor environmental quality is increasingly recognized as a major threat to social and economic development and even to human survival. (Acheampong, 2010; UNICEF, 2007; UNICEF, 2006 WHO, 2005). The impacts of environmental deterioration are severe on developing countries thus hindering and undermining their development (Bello, 2007; Mmon, 2003). The living environment is well polluted owing to social misdemeanor of indiscriminate littering, improper domestic wastewater discharge, and poor sewage disposal. These behaviours promote unsanitary living conditions which result in the breeding of communicable diseases (Adimekwe, 2013; WHO and UNICEF 2008; IRC, 2006).
Poor environmental sanitation practices exhibited in the disposal of solid waste, wastewater and excreta, cleaning of drainage including personal, household and community hygiene significantly contribute to infant and child mortality (Mmon and Mmon, 2011; UNICEF, 2007; Amadi and Iwuala, 2005; WHO, 2005; UNICEF, 1999; EHP, 1999). This is contrary to the notion of environmental sanitation which aims at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment in all human settlements (IRC, 2006; FRN, 2005). Environmental sanitation comprises the disposal and treatment of human excreta, solid waste and wastewater, control of disease vectors, and provision of washing facilities for personal and domestic hygiene which work together to form a hygienic environment (Schertenleib et al, 2005).
Improved environmental condition affects positively a wide range of development indicators. Thus, environmental sanitation is a channel to improved quality of life of the individuals and a contributor to their social, economic and physical development (Olowoporoku, 2013). Numerous studies have shown that the incidence of many diseases is reduced when people have access to, and make regular use of adequate sanitary installations (Aremu, 2012; Mohammed 2011; Mmon and Mmon 2011; Nwankwo, 2011; Luthi, 2012; Acheampong, 2010; FMHE 2009; Harvey, 2008; WHO and UNICEF, 2008; Amadi and Iwuala, 2005; FRN, 2005; WHO, 2005; Mensah, 2002). It has been documented that about 24% of global diseases with high mortality ratio is caused by environmental exposures which can be averted (WHO, 2006). Nevertheless, most of these deaths are preventable through adequate environmental sanitation practices.
Environmental sanitation practices refer to residents’ involvement in provision, utilization, and maintenance of environmental sanitation facilities and services and adherence to environmental legislation (Daramola, 2015). In Nigeria, adequate environmental sanitation practices have not been ensured. They are characterized by lack of basic amenities and poor sanitation habits (Ademiluyi and Odugbesan 2008; Afon, 2006). General access to environmental sanitation facilities and services by citizens remains very poor (Akpabio, 2012). Nigerian cities are characterized by rapid population growth which is not accompanied by a corresponding increasein the delivery of environmental sanitation facilities and services capable of enhancing environmental sanitation practices. The resultant effects of these are unsanitary and unhealthy environmental conditions that are prevalent in Nigerian (Daramola, 2012).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Issues related to environmental sanitation practices have been explored by many researchers. For instance, there are studies on environmental sanitation as an exercise (Adejumo, 2013; Afon and Faniran 2013; Aluko and Agbola 2007; Nwachukwu 2008), health effects of environmental sanitation (Mmon and Mmon, 2011; Harvey, 2008), community participation in environmental sanitation (Ekong, 2013; Daramola, 2012; Luithi 2012; UNEP, 2005), environmental sanitation management (Acheampong, 2010) and environmental sanitation education (Anijah et al, 2013; Aremu, 2012). These studies have focused on issues pertaining to provision and deficiencies of facilities and services as well as legislation. Studies on environmental sanitation habits, and their public health implications are quantitatively unimpressive, especially in Nigeria.
Adequate environmental sanitation practices are more than just an inconvenience. It allows users knowledge and experience to the design and management of facilities and services and to increase the likelihood that the services will be used sustainably. This study seek to examine the effects of poor environmental sanitation in our environment.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main aim of this study is to assess poor sanitation and its effect on human health. Other objectives of this study are:
- Find out prevalence of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State.
- Find out the level of residents knowledge of proper sanitation practices.
- Ascertain the practices contributing the situation of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State.
- Determine the whether poor sanitation contributes to the spread of communicable diseases.
- Determine the whether poor sanitation have a negative impact on health of Aba North residents.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions will be answered in this study:
- What is prevalence of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State?
- What is the level of residents knowledge of proper sanitation practices?
- What are the practices contributing the situation of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State?
- Does poor sanitation contributes to the spread of communicable diseases among residents in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State?
- Does poor sanitation have a negative impact on health of Aba North residents?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
- Ho: Poor sanitation practices has no negative effect on public health.
- Ha: Poor sanitation practices has a negative effect on public health.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This research work presents the necessity of keeping the University clean and effective sanitation management via the correct knowledge of attitudes and behaviour in the environment. This is accomplished through the proper knowledge of attitudes and behavior in the environment. This study is important for bringing to the attention of the general public the proper attitudes that should be held towards environmental sanitation inside the institution.
This study aims to facilitate the realization that the appropriate attitude and behaviour towards environmental sanitation can be achieved among residents, which could drive the nation as a whole into a positive environmental mindset.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on poor sanitation and its effect on human health. The study will also point out the prevalence of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State, the level of residents knowledge of proper sanitation practices, the practices contributing the situation of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State, etc. The respondents for this study will cover residents in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. However, the researcher were able to manage these just to ensure the success of this study.
Moreover, the case study method utilized in the study posed some challenges to the investigator including the possibility of biases and poor judgment of issues. However, the investigator relied on respect for the general principles of procedures, justice, fairness, objectivity in observation and recording, and weighing of evidence to overcome the challenges.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Sanitation:
This is the arrangement to protect public health, provision of clean drinking water and the disposal of sewage.
1.10 Organizations of the Study
The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms.
The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings on thepoor sanitation and its effect on human health using Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State as case study.The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.
5.2 Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was to examine the poor sanitation and its effect on human health using Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State as case study.The study specifically was aimed to find out prevalence of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State, find out the level of residents knowledge of proper sanitation practices, ascertain the factors contributing the situation of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State, determine the whether poor sanitation contributes to the spread of communicable diseases and determine the whether poor sanitation have a negative impact on health of Aba North residents.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 141 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents areresidents in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State.
5.3 Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher made the following conclusion.
- Prevalence of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State is high.
- The level of residents knowledge of proper sanitation practices is low.
- The factors contributing the situation of poor sanitation in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State includes: indiscriminate littering, improper domestic wastewater discharge, poor sewage disposal and lack of basic amenities.
- Poor sanitation contributes to the spread of communicable diseases among residents in Aba North, Local Government Area of Abia State.
- Poor sanitation have a negative impact on health of Aba North residents.
5.4 Recommendation
The following recommendations were proffered with respect to the findings of the study;
- The residents should provide household environmental sanitation facilities while the government and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) should provide community environmental sanitation facilities and services.
- The government should enforce existing environmental sanitation regulations in order to sanction house owners without basic environmental sanitation facilities.
- Pro-environmental sanitation practices depend on effective environmental literacy. Thus, campaign to raise public awareness about environmental sanitation is essential in achieving success in environmental issues. This mind-set reorientation can be achieved through recruitment of trained young men and women who would engage residents one on one especially in the core on the need to be environmentally concerned.
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