Parental Involvement And Counselling Services As Predictors Of Effective Career Decision

Parental Involvement And Counselling Services As Predictors Of Effective Career Decision
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine parental involvement and counselling services as predictors of effective career decision using some selected secondary schools in Sokoto metropolis as a case study. The study was specifically set to determine whether parental factors and school counselling have a significant impact on career choice of secondary school students, investigate the parental factors which influences career choice of secondary school students, and investigate the counselling services which influences career choice of secondary school students. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of student of some selected secondary schools in Sokoto metropolis. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 200 respondents and 150 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables and mean scores. While the hypotheses were tested using Chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that parental factors and school counselling have a significant impact on career choice of secondary school students. The result of the study also revealed that the parental factors which influences career choice of secondary school students includes: parental income level, parental occupation, parental educational background, and parents socio-economic status. Furthermore the study also revealed that the counselling services which influences career choice of secondary school students includes: career orientation services, appraisal services, educational services, career placement services, career referral services, career follow-up services. Therefore, the study recommends that Ministry of Education should therefore harness parents ‘aspirations by educating them on career choice so that they can stir secondary school students to choices that align with the areas of interest, talents and abilities. In addition the study recommends that improved Incentives to career masters in terms of guidance, personal welfare, imposed physical working condition, constant supply of information materials, related to career in order to broaden the search for career opportunities and to allow the guidance masters to guide the student honestly. To mention but a few.
Table of Content
- Title Page
- Certification
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Content
- List of Tables
- Abstract
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypothesis
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Limitation of the Study
- 1.9 Definition of Terms
- 1.10 Organisations of the Study
Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample Size Determination
- 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
- 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Validity of the Study
- 3.9 Reliability of the Study
- 3.10 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.1 Data Presentation
- 4.2 Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Answering Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendation
- References
- APPENDIX
- QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Making career decision is one of the most crucial tasks for teenagers. However, this can be a time of exploration for some youth, it is also related with great anxiety associated to issues of Decision-Making (Brown & Strange, 1981). Although, author has researched on making career decision, some areas are unidentified or not even fully explained. Majority of the researchers have suggested that there are different types of adolescence who have not made a career decision and they usually depended on their parents and counselling services.
The adolescence is an important period for making career choice of the future and education. Most of the adolescence between the ages of 18 to 22 are students studying in school and college. Some adolescents prefered employment and stayed at home. They had no idea or motivation to choose career for their future. Landry (2006) found significant optimistic relation between career indecision and worry. Significant negative relations were also found between career indecision and agreeableness and career indecision and thoroughness. Male and female differences were found on a number of the variables with females reporting more than males. Pečjak and Košir (2007) found that there are two types of career making, one is called career decided and another is undecided which depends upon the most of the students’ personality.
Students who make their decision more self-confidently is called career decided. Likewise students who are less frightened, but tried to get away from decision making are called undecided students. Majority of the students have qualities like extroversion, consciousness, openness, and emotional stability, and those students are capable and the study concluded that students having self-control has less decision making difficulties. The researcher concluded that, logical and innovative qualities usually aspired by the male, whereas enterprising and conventional qualities influence the female. Discrepancies were found; students with higher aspiration and expectation has higher achievement among female. Those with desire and expectation disagreements had low academic performance unsure and had perceived problems. Gabrielsson and Politis (2011) conducted a study and concluded that entrepreneurs who recognize themselves with linear or motivated choice prefered causal decision-making logically.
Parental involvement can be considered when a parent visited the school or contributed usefully once or twice within the school academic year. It may be for the betterment of students, meeting their class mentor, or attending an important celebration at the school, and supporting the smooth running of the school. Comer and Haynes (1991) explored that contribution of the parents can strengthen the academic performance and development of students’ professional skills. Landry (2006) found that parental involvement can lend a hand to accomplished goals through monitoring regular activities, by maintaining close track of the progress in the school like providing help in planning for pursuing post high school education. Pena (2000) found that parental involvement can be influenced by so many factors which include language, education of the parents, and even attitude of the staffs. Crosnoe (2001) conducted study on orientation and high school education during parental involvement. The researcher concluded that preliminary academic orientation promotes progressing parental involvement. Hoover-Dempsey et. al. (2001) found that parents having involvement with the students’ homework believe that their involvement would really make much difference to the students, and students perceived parental involvement to be continued. Fan and Chen (2001) conducted study on meta-analysis of achievement of students and parental involvement. The researchers found that parental involvement is considered as important for solving many problems in education. It has direct positive influence on students’ academic achievement. Rosenblatt and Peled (2002) found that parents’ contribution help students’ success in an effective and efficient way, particularly parental involvement becomes the best indicator of the effective and efficient schools.
Mokhtari and Reichard (2002) conducted a study and found that parental involvement influenced the psychological adjustment in the children. Flouri and Buchanan (2003) concluded parental involvement has contributed positive influence to psychological well-being of youth. Perna and Titus (2005) conducted study to find the relationship between college enrolment and parental involvement as social capital. The researchers found that involvement of parents as community assets is positively associated in college enrolment of individual irrespective of the resources of the school. Green, Walker, Hoover-Dempsey & Sandler (2007) found that involvement of the parents as predictors of effective career decision.
Guidance and counseling is helping profession which is concerned with molding, reconstructing and rehabilitating a trouble person. It is a self- revealing relationship and both preventive and curative of maladaptive behavior. It is globally accepted that, guidance and counseling activities are for human beings, those with or without problems, normal and abnormal.
The establishment of modern guidance and counseling in secondary schools in Nigeria however, rest on the realization of the need for more sophisticated and integrated package to help individual satisfy their problems and concerns of presents day living.
Therefore, since guidance and counseling is a profession, for effective counseling to take place it must involves the application of basic principles for effective helping. These however, include the principle of understanding, sequential process; appreciate self-disclosure and observance of ethics. Their applications not only make counseling effective but also add to the specialist of the counseling relationship.
For guidance to be meaningful, it, must be seen as a series of programmed activities which help the normal school child to know himself/herself as an individual, become more aware of his/her person, experience his/her world and those people he/she relate with it is a dynamic process which undergoes continuous change over time as it is not a single event but a series of events, steps or action which are geared towards the general development of the individual. Hence, guidance and counseling play a vital role in the career choice of the students.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Parental aspirations have been noted to comprise parental expectations, career related parental support and educational plans that parents have on their children (Zhang, 2016; Rinat, Cinamon & Tova, 2015). In order to harness the full benefit of parental expectations, parents require some level of control and monitoring in the education of their children (Zhang, 2016). Different countries have used different approaches to tap the benefits of parental influence on students’ academic and career success. In Singapore, for example, the education curriculum has included parental involvement in career guidance where the parents are first educated and trained to ensure that they are able to guide their children through the education and career decision making process (Ministry of Education [Singapore], 2012). Similarly, in Nigeria, Eziuzo and Enueme (2013) noted that the formation of Parent Teacher Associations (PTA) was to heighten the combined involvement of teachers and parents in their children’s education by assuming a partnership responsibility. In Kenya, the Ministry of Education (MoE) directed for the formation of the Parents Association (PA) with a view to encouraging a healthy working relationship between parents and teachers through assisting school management in monitoring, guiding, counseling and disciplining students among other functions (MoE, 2013). However, a study by Wachira (2018) noted that there has been limited effort to involve parents on career choice process of their children by secondary schools, yet the parents are actively involved in other school activities such as development projects.
Although most school counsellors are considered to be educated professionals, there are instances where untrained individuals are in charge of guidance and counselling in schools. Several authors, including Ormrod (2003), Heward (2003), Wadsworth, Milson, and Cocco (2004), believe that guidance counsellors should be psychologically trained professionals who can provide a variety of concrete services to parents, students, and instructors of all pupils. As a result, the school counsellor is an important team player or member of the educational leadership team who assists pupils ( Sari, 2010 citing Lapan, Gysbers and Keyson, 2007; Stone and Dahir 2006; Lee, 2001; Sandhu, 2000). School counsellors have traditionally provided assistance and counseling to students in a school counseling program on concerns such as academic, vocational, and/or career counseling (American School Counsellors Association-ASCA, 2003).
Career counsellors, on the other hand, provide students with a variety of job-related programs geared at supporting students in planning their careers, making educated decisions, and selecting a career that would place them in the right vocation, allowing them to enjoy their work (Zunker, 2002; Collins, 2007). As a result, students receive comprehensive career counseling (interventions) that include career and life plans at all levels of education and beyond, as well as school-to-work programs that focus on preparing students for work through experienced internship activities in communities and organizations (Zunker, 2002).
A lack of career knowledge and awareness can be linked to a lack of readiness to manage the changing workplace. More than half of high school students report no one at their school has helped them with job choices or educational opportunities. Hurley and colleagues (Hurley et al., 2002). Without regular advisory activities, young people are more likely to drift through high school without learning about all of the job options accessible to them or the skills needed. Others may miss the linkages between high school, post-secondary education, and the job and make career decisions based on faulty or inadequate information.
Many other students go to college without knowing what they want to do with their lives. As they drift from one program to another or pursue courses of study that do not line with company needs, this results in indecision and the costly prospect of extra time spent in post-high school institutions. One of the fastest growing populations in community colleges is students over the age of 25 (Niles, & Bowlsbey, 2002). They frequently enroll in order to get extra abilities in order to remain competitive in the workplace. Many of these students have already completed some college or perhaps a four-year degree, but have found it insufficient or inappropriate for the job options open to them. Engaging in post secondary education without a defined goal wastes public and private resources, and many students might have benefited immensely from more comprehensive career coaching earlier in their studies.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The broad objectives of this study is to investigate parental involvement and counselling services as predictors of effective career decision.
The specific objectives include:
- Determine whether parental factors and school counselling have a significant impact on career choice of secondary school students.
- Investigate the parental factors which influences career choice of secondary school students.
- Investigate the counselling services which influences career choice of secondary school students.
1.4 Research Question
This research is an attempt to answer the following questions:
- Does parental factors and school counselling have a significant impact on career choice of secondary school students?
- What are the parental factors which influences career choice of secondary school students?
- What are the counselling services which influences career choice of secondary school students?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
- Ho: Parental factors and school counselling does not have a significant impact on career choice of secondary school students.
- Ha: Parental factors and school counselling does have a significant impact on career choice of secondary school students.
1.6 Significance of the Study
- Naturally decision-making is very important, it is the hardest thing to make in life. Youths are usually the people concerned with choosing careers, which may hopefully be helped by guidance and counseling officers.
- The study will help to solve the conflicts that exist between parents and students in the area of career choice.
- The research is essential to parents, students, community and government because it will reveal the areas of weakness in the guidance profession and reasons why students should have good performance and careers if they are well counseled.
- This research will equally inform management of schools under study of the importance of guidance and counseling services in schools.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study is structured to examine parental involvement and counselling services as predictors of effective career decision using some selected secondary schools in Sokoto metropolis as a case study. However the study will be delimited to some selected secondary schools in Sokoto metropolis. Hence, the students of the selected schools form the population of the study.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
Finance for the general research work will be a challenge during the course of study. Correspondents also might not be able to complete or willing to submit the questionnaires given to them.
However, it is believed that these constraints will be worked on by making the best use of the available materials and spending more than the necessary time in the research work. Therefore, it is strongly believed that despite these constraint, its effect on this research report will be minimal, thus, making the objective and significance of the study achievable.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Counselling:
An intervention is an orchestrated attempt by one or many people – usually family and friends – to get someone to seek professional help with an addiction or some kind of traumatic event or crisis, or other serious problem
Career:
A career is an individual’s journey through learning, work and other aspects of life. There are a number of ways to define a career and the term is used in a variety of ways.
Guidance:
Help and advice about how to do something or about how to deal with problems connected with your work, education, or personal relationship.
Guidance Counsellors:
A school counselor is a counselor and an educator who works in primary (elementary and middle) schools and/or secondary schools to provide academic, career, college access/affordability/admission, and social-emotional competencies to all students through a school counseling program.
1.10 Organizations of the Study
The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, abnd selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings on parental involvement and counselling services as predictors of effective career decision using some selected secondary schools in Sokoto metropolis as a case study. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.
5.2 Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was to examine parental involvement and counselling services as predictors of effective career decision using some selected secondary schools in Sokoto metropolis as a case study. The study was specifically set to determine whether parental factors and school counselling have a significant impact on career choice of secondary school students, investigate the parental factors which influences career choice of secondary school students, and investigate the counselling services which influences career choice of secondary school students.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 150 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are student of some selected secondary schools in Sokoto metropolis.
5.3 Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher made the following conclusion.
- Parental factors and school counselling have a significant impact on career choice of secondary school students.
- The parental factors which influences career choice of secondary school students includes: parental income level, parental occupation, parental educational background, and parents socio-economic status.
- The counselling services which influences career choice of secondary school students includes: career orientation services, appraisal services, educational services, career placement services, career referral services, career follow-up services.
5.4 Recommendation
Based on the responses obtained, the researcher proffers the following recommendations:
As a country Nigeria is blessed with children that possesses diverse ability,it is the responsibility of the country to harness these talents. One of the ways of harnessing these talents is through qualitative education because no nation can rise above the quality and strength of it is educational system, great economy demands great education systems. It is in the realization of these needs that the following suggestion and recommendations are made.
- Parents play a key role in career selection process of their children. They provide moral support, discuss, monitor and reward academic progress; encourage children to seek information on careers, and provide learning resources, as well as sharing relevant learning experiences with their children.
- Ministry of Education should therefore harness parents ‘aspirations by educating them on career choice so that they can stir secondary school students to choices that align with the areas of interest, talents and abilities.
- The principals of secondary schools should arrange to sensitize parents during Parent Associations (PA) meetings, and also come up with policies and mechanisms for involving parents on matters of career choice of students.
- The study also recommend the need for school BOM to foster a concerted effort and corroborations with parents, teachers and students in ensuring an informed career choice among secondary school students.
- Students shall be properly guided in making the right careers choice by the authorities concerned. Qualified teachers should be employed to teach the students in other for them to make their dreams a reality .
- Selection of students to read\study science subject shall be based on merit and not gender.
- The government, school authority and the other stakeholders should provide funds to adequately equipped the existing laboratories.
- Effective and functional guidance and counseling unit in the school
- Improved Incentives to career masters in terms of guidance, personal welfare, imposed physical working condition, constant supply of information materials, related to career in order to broaden the search for career opportunities and to allow the guidance masters to guide the student honestly.
- Sponsoring for in-service training and workshop should made to guidance and counseling masters to broaden their knowledge of new career opportunities in the society.
- School management should organized various guidance and counseling activities in the schools, resource persons shall be made to give lectures in various profession especially to final year students.
- Parents should cooperate with the school and guidance teachers who are acquainted with the children’s’ performance and capabilities to assist them to select appropriate career without gender bias.
- The perception of existing domination of science and the related careers by males should be discarded from the mind of the female students, this is very important to female student indigene of sokoto metropolis and the state at large as it will make them more ready for the competition.

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