Parental Influence On Adolescents’ Psychosocial Wellbeing

Parental Influence On Adolescents’ Psychosocial Wellbeing (Daniel)
Abstract
This study focused on the parental influence on adolescents’ psychosocial wellbeing using selected secondary school students in Yaba, LGA, Lagos State as case study. The study is was specifically focused on examining the the effects of parental attachment on the psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents, how adolescents perceive their relationship with their parents and how this influences their psychosocial wellbeing, examining how parent-child communication affects adolescent psychosocial wellbeing and to determine gender differences in parent-child relationship and psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents. The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 100 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are.
Table of Content
- Title Page
- Certification
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Content
- List of Tables
- Abstract
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypothesis
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Limitation of the Study
- 1.9 Definition of Terms
- 1.10 Organisations of the Study
Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample Size Determination
- 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
- 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Validity of the Study
- 3.9 Reliability of the Study
- 3.10 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.1 Data Presentation
- 4.2 Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Answering Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendation
- References
- APPENDIX
- QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
The term “adolescence” is used to describe the period between 10 and 19 years of age (WHO, 2010) and in many cultures it is seen as a period of transition from the weak and protected status of childhood to an almost equal position in relation to adults (Newman & Newman, 2015). Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood accompanied by physical and psychological changes associated with puberty, and of preparation for the roles, privileges and responsibilities of adulthood (Holmbeck et al., 2012).
Adolescent stage is dynamic and exciting for young people bringing about opportunities to develop healthy identities. However, adolescents especially in today’s world face unique challenges both globally and at the family level. UNICEF (2011) estimates that 20% of the 1.2 billion adolescent population in the world suffer mental health conditions such as depression, a leading contributor to the disease burden for people aged 15-19 years. Further, 70,000 adolescents commit suicide annually and there is increased drug use and risky sexual behavior leading to increased HIV infections among young people. The report further states that prevalence of mental health disorders among adolescents have increased in the last 20-30 years. Research findings in America have reported associations of psychological disorders among adolescents with risk factors such as gender which show more behavioral problems among males and a higher rate for emotional problems seen in girls (Canino et al, 2014). In East Asia, depression has been found to be the leading cause of disease burden for adolescent women as is common in most of the countries in the world including high, low and middle income countries (World Health Organization, 2008).
The fact is that women are now fully part of the work force and the majority of them are now combining home front or family responsibilities with their careers. While some scholars believe this new development has a chain of effects on the psychosocial wellbeing of adolescent children, others think otherwise (Ajidahun, 2005). psychosocial wellbeing can be defined as the overall characteristics of an individual‟s social, mental, physical and psychological well-being or the inter-relationships which exist between person‟s mental, physical, psychological and social characteristics.
Traditionally, mothers are expected to be the pioneer teachers, primary caregivers and the foundational builders of their children‟s psychological well-being, but because families today have now metamorphosed into modern structural forms and development, such expectation is getting out of fashion. This new structure now has both advantages and disadvantages (Ajidahun, 2005). The peculiarities usually include the absence of mothers at home for hours to attend to spiritual, psychological, physical and social needs of the children. The fear is that both parents may become separated because of career aspiration and as a result the children become victims of behaviourial disorders. Although on the other side, more money may be available to resolve many other basic problems in the family but not sufficient to remedy the consequences which the children are bound to face.
According to Goldenberg and Goldenberg (2000), women are now economically independent and this in one way or the other influences the perception of their children .It is important to investigate the extent to which the adolescent‟s upbringing and psychosocial wellbeing is being affected by this modern style of dual work and family responsibility structure. It is in examining the various possible behaviourial patterns and responses among the adolescent children that one will be able to ascertain the extent of influence of this new modern style of family structure on the psychosocial wellbeing of adolescent children.
Blustein (2004) asserted that many families today have deviated from the traditional family cycle that was common in the past due to the technological, modern and psychological changes which have altered and modified the make-up of the typical family in a dynamic world. He further opined that women are created and specially designed by nature in a way that their domain has been to manage the home and raise children while men on the other hand are designed by nature to take on the responsibility for financial supports and family‟s physical protection. Blustein (2004) is also of the view that traditional family organization and the natural roles performed by both husband and wife is likely to persist even when the woman works.
However, there are those who think that the increasing presence of men and women in the workforce will preclude their responsibility as regards the welfare and the psychosocial wellbeing of their adolescent children. Ajidahun (2005) stressed that regardless of women‟s involvement in the workforce, it is expected that they maintain a balance between the home front and their career. In a situation where this is not so, there are bound to be negative reactions against the mother.
In Nigeria, there is this traditional belief that a man is not expected to participate in the family chores being the head of the family. This belief is tenaciously upheld by men and many of them may not be interested in helping their wives and this may sometimes cause the mothers to be tensed up and they are likely to project emotions on their children. Women may do a greater amount of domestic work than their husbands and most wives consider the division of labour to be fair if the husband is available when called upon to help (Martin, 2004). He understands and respects the hard work involved in carrying out domestic chores, and he listens to her concerns about family work. House helps are hired sometimes by some men and women to be relieved of domestic load of work at home. This also has its own implications and that is why a lot of men and women may not be interested in hiring house helps.
Obviously, the question about the acceptability of the adoption of the modern family structure of parents‟ dual career of work and family responsibilities is still a very controversial one (with both positive and negative implications). It is based upon this argument that the researcher (with intention to establish a clear distinction between these two possible outcomes) seeks to investigate the possible parental influence on adolescents’ psychosocial wellbeing..
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In general, child neglect is considered the failure of parents or caregivers to meet the needs that are necessary for the mental, physical, and emotional development of a child. Child neglect is one of the most common forms of child maltreatment, and it continues to be a serious problem for many children in Africa, especially in Nigeria where the bad economic situation is affecting the amount of time most parents now spend with their children at home in the name of working to make ends means. The phenomenon of child neglect has been escalating rapidly with the transformation in family structure, evolution of single parental families, and especially the increasing number of working women and low socio- economic status of the parents, (Martin, 2004).
The influence of work and family involvement of dual career parents can result in the educational neglect of the children with serious modifications in personality development and behavioral patterns of these children. Due to continuous neglect by parents, the children become psychologically and emotionally demoralized and they are at the greater risk of cognitive impairment and behavioral fluctuations that result in their personality distortions. The consequences of the dual responsibilities of women may also eventually result in physical neglect, emotional neglect, and health neglect of the child. Frequent absenteeism from school, squat self-esteem and personality distortions are the major outcomes of child neglect. In addition to this other behavior modifications, there is social isolation, drug usage, antisocial behavior and recurrent depression. These are all pervasive behavioral patterns observable in neglected children. However, in spite of all these evidences against increasing child neglect, some still claim that parents can effectively combine work and family responsibilities while training their children successfully. It is in the light of this controversy that the researcher seeks to proffer solution to the problem of work and family involvement of dual parent involvement and the psychosocial wellbeing of their adolescent children.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine the parental influence on adolescents’ psycho-social wellbeing. The specific objectives for the study were:
- To examine the effects of parental attachment on the psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents
- To determine how adolescents perceive their relationship with their parents and how this influences their psychosocial wellbeing.
- To examine how parent-child communication affects adolescent psychosocial wellbeing.
- To determine gender differences in parent-child relationship and psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents.
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions for the study were:
- Does parental attachment affect the psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents?
- Does how adolescents perceive their relationship with their parents influence their psychosocial wellbeing?
- Does parent- child communication affect adolescent psychosocial wellbeing?
- Are there gender differences in parent-child relationship and psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents?
1.5 Hypothesis of the Study
The study formulated and tested the following hypothesis;
- Ho: parental attachment has no significant effect on the psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents
- Hi: Parental attachment have a significant effect on the psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents
1.6 Significance of the Study
Adolescence is a critical period of development characterized by physical, emotional, and cognitive changes. Exploring parental influence helps researchers and practitioners better understand how parental behaviors and interactions contribute to or hinder psychosocial development during this crucial phase.
By examining parental influence, researchers can identify specific parental behaviors and practices that may act as risk factors for negative psychosocial outcomes in adolescents. Similarly, identifying positive influences can inform the development of interventions and strategies to enhance psychosocial wellbeing.
Findings from such studies can inform the design and implementation of parenting programs and interventions aimed at fostering positive psychosocial outcomes in adolescents. Understanding the impact of different parenting styles and practices allows for targeted interventions that address specific challenges.
The research can have implications for policy development related to family support and education. Policymakers can use the findings to inform decisions on allocating resources for programs that support parents in fostering positive psychosocial development in their adolescents.
Insights into parental influence can benefit mental health professionals and counselors working with adolescents. Understanding the role of parental factors helps in tailoring therapeutic interventions to address specific family dynamics that may contribute to psychosocial challenges in adolescents.
The study can contribute to improved communication between parents and adolescents. By understanding the impact of parental behaviors on psychosocial wellbeing, parents may become more aware of their role and be better equipped to foster open and supportive communication with their adolescents.
Knowledge about parental influence can contribute to the prevention of various behavioral issues in adolescents. It provides an opportunity to identify early signs of distress and implement strategies to mitigate the development of more serious psychosocial problems.
Teachers and educators can benefit from insights into parental influence when dealing with adolescents. Understanding the external factors affecting students’ psychosocial wellbeing can lead to more effective classroom strategies and support systems.
In conclusion, the study on parental influence on adolescents’ psychosocial wellbeing is significant as it provides valuable insights that can inform a range of interventions, policies, and practices aimed at promoting positive outcomes during this critical period of human development.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study will analyze the parental influence on adolescents’ psychosocial wellbeing. in Yaba, LGA, Lagos State. The study is limited to some selected Secondary Schools in the area. Hence, the respondents for this study will be obtained from and among secondary school students in the study area.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. However, the researcher were able to manage these just to ensure the success of this study.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Parental Attachment:
Attachment is one specific and circumscribed aspect of the relationship between a child and parent that is involved with making the child safe, secure and protected. Attachment is where the child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore and, when necessary, as a haven of safety and a source of comfort.
Adolescent:
An adolescent has been described as anyone between 10 to 19 years of age. The adolescent goes through a period which is a transition during which the individual moves from childhood to adulthood. Further the stage is not only marked by physical changes, but also changes that occur on both cognitive and psychological levels as well as transformation on social characteristics.
Academic Performance:
This is used in the study to refers to students’ attitude to competition for excellent in their attitude toward participating in classroom activities and home work. It also used to students’ interest in learning.
Psychosocial Wellbeing:
Conceptualized psychosocial wellbeing by referring to affective, physical, cognitive, spiritual, self and social processes. A sense of coherence, satisfaction with life and affect-balance are strong indicators of general psychosocial wellbeing.
1.10 Organization of the Study
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows.
- Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study.
- Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature.
- Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study.
- Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.
- Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings on the parental influence on adolescents’ psychosocial wellbeing using selected secondary school students in Yaba, LGA, Lagos State as case study. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.
5.2 Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was on the parental influence on adolescents’ psychosocial wellbeing using selected secondary school students in Yaba, LGA, Lagos State as case study. The study is was specifically focused on examining the the effects of parental attachment on the psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents, how adolescents perceive their relationship with their parents and how this influences their psychosocial wellbeing, examining how parent-child communication affects adolescent psychosocial wellbeing and to determine gender differences in parent-child relationship and psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 100 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are staff and students of selected secondary school students in Yaba, LGA, Lagos State.
5.3 Conclusions
Based on the objectives and the findings of the study it can be concluded that there is a positive relationship between gender, psychosocial wellbeing, parental attachment, perceived relationship with parents, and parent- adolescent communication. It can also be concluded that there is a positive relationship between parent-adolescent relationship (parental attachment, perceived relationship with parents, parent- adolescent communication) and psychosocial wellbeing among adolescents. The study further concludes that even though the adolescents agreed that their parents protect them from danger and difficulty, support their goals and interests and their parents are sensitive to their feelings and needs, parents ignore what they have to say and have not given them as much attention as they have wanted. The respondents perceive their relationship with their parents as one that has a measure of trust but that they keep arguing with their parents, their parents don’t listen to them when they speak to them. The respondents agreed they talk with their parents often, that they always listen to their parents and do as they say but find it difficult to talk with their fathers about anything and when they do something wrong, their parents talk with them about their behavior. The above leads to the conclusion that even though the adolescents value their relationship with their parents and find it reassuring emotionally, they are disconnected with their parents in their communication and feel that their parents neither listen to them nor understand their thoughts. Further, the probability of poor psychosocial wellbeing increases when one is female than when one is male.
5.4 Recommendation
Based on the findings the researcher recommends that;
- Since parenting influence the psychosocial wellbeing of adolescent, parents should endeavor to adopt a style such as the democratic parenting styles that ensures or guarantees the development of some measure of positive self-concept, self-confidence, and self-esteems in the students.
- Teacher should be encouraged to use democratic style of discipline in this class room management. This is because the style encourages dialoguing and give and take, which the study revealed that it is better for personal and psychosocial wellbeing of students.
- Parents, teachers and counselors should be in constant communication with their children and students. The strings of communication must never break to avoid loss of control and supervision, which brings students‟ social maladjustment.
- Parents and teachers should encourage the children and students to aspire for higher achievement, than that of their parents. This may help them to develop good psychosocial wellbeing behavior.
- Peer relationship should be encouraged. This could be done (achieve) through organizing social functions that can bring students together in an interactive session on a forum, so as to enhance students‟ psychosocial wellbeing.
- Parents should ensure that equal opportunity, attention and treatment are given to both male and female children in terms of education which can lead to psychosocial wellbeing.
- Identification of students with psychosocial wellbeing problems should be ensured promptly and appropriate step taken to address such problem. Or after identification the problem should be tackled or proper referrals made for the students.

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