Management Of Rural Urban Migration And Economic Development In Nigeria

Management Of Rural Urban Migration And Economic Development In Nigeria
Abstract
This thesis studied the Management of Rural-Urban Migration and Economic Development in Nigeria: The case of Anambra State. Development of a Country or State depends on its ability to manage and deal with challenges that come with development, such as over-population, pressure on facilities (roads, electricity), accommodation problems, environmental pollutions and other implications. In conducting this study, the researcher elicited relevant data from both the primary and secondary sources. Questionnaire was the main instrument for data collection. Three hundred and ninety- nine (399) copies of questionnaire were administered to the respondents of the three local government areas. Subsequently, the collected data were analyzed with simple percentage, and presented in frequency tables for easy comprehension.
The hypotheses were also tested through chi-square ( From the data presentation and analysis, and discussion of results therein, the researcher arrived at the following findings: The housing estate are mostly owned by individuals or private companies and are very expensive; the transformers provided are not consummate with the population increase; the state lacks available lands for agriculture as most of the lands are affected by erosion, floods and landslides. The researcher recommends the following: Government should be in partnership with some of these individuals and companies so as eliminate accommodations problems, government should be stain that materials used for transformers are adequate while making sure that the agricultural extension programmes are well financed in real terms as this will help manage the problems of rural-urban migration and bring about development.
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
The burden of rural-urban migration in Anambra State is multifaceted and intertwining. As such, an analysis of one decompose component or consequence, such as unbearable population density, impinges on other issues within the identifiable cycle of burdens. For instance, in examining the management of rural- urban migration and its effect on economic development, has it result to increase in population in the urban areas while the rural areas lack development or at the extreme its explosion. Various other subsequent effects are expected to be considered.
Population explosion activates the housing challenge both at micro (family) and macro (society) levels. Congestion in households and communities has implications for both the health and psychology of victims. Nigerian cities such as Lagos, Port-Harcourt, Kano, and Onitsha among others are characterized by human traffic, vehicular congestions, environmental pollution, consistent in-migration and spurious expansion of territories to accommodate human additions.
Nigeria is a country with over 150,000,000 million people (Censes 2006) and the giant of Africa. Most international organizations and foreign investors find a good market in Nigeria. The oil-boom in the 1970s has deeply affected the economic development of the country and continues to do so as government focuses on oil sector and neglects the agricultural sector which was the prime of the economy and economic development before the oil-boom. Government insensitivity to the plight of the rural communities whose major source of livelihood is agriculture has lead to migration of the rural dwellers to urban area for a good standard of living.
Nigeria, at independence in 1960, was largely a producer and net exporter of primary products. The six major agricultural products then were cocoa, rubber, palm oil, groundnut, cotton and palm kernel (Idode, 1989). Although there existed mining and quarrying activities, these were of negligible percentage and never counted for the economy as a whole (Olaloku, 1979). In other words, agricultural produce and raw materials constituted the main income for the country. Specifically, the Nigerian state as an exporter of agricultural goods had 69.4% of its total GDP for the year 1963/64 comprising the six aforementioned agricultural commodities (Olaloku, 1979:8).
Rural-Urban migration has led to uneven development of the country. The urban areas are over-populated while the rural areas are densely-populated, as young men and women leave the rural areas due to lack of infrastructures, social amenities, employment and economic development of the rural areas. According to
Nyagba (2009), rural communities are the most important sectors of the Nigerian economy, indeed the West African regional population. There are several reasons to support this position.
Agriculture and rural development are crucial for the structural transformation and economic development of West Africa region. Agriculture contributes 20 per cent of GDP in northern Africa and 30 per cent of GDP in sub – Saharan Africa (Nyagba, 2009). The rural population represents an average of over 60 percent of the total population on the continent; about 90 per cent of the rural labor force engages directly or indirectly in agricultural activities. For the continent‟s rural people, accelerated agricultural and rural development would contribute to greater efficiency, increased household income, improved standards of living, and poverty reduction.
According to Onah (2010), agriculture had been the main foreign earnings in Nigeria before the advent of oil and accounted for major contribution to her GDP. Agriculture is a major source of employment for over 80% of Nigerians before oil dominated the economy. The poor technology, environmental hazards, high cost of implements due to neglect of agriculture has forced the rural farmer and young people in search of white collar jobs and high rate of rural-urban drift to survive. According to Peil (1981), people who migrate are mainly motivated by the desire to improve their standard of living above what is earlier obtained at home.
Migration is also caused by the desire of people to go to school and acquire knowledge to develop themselves and their environment
Migration from the rural area to the urban area has become almost accepted as a normal phenomenon in Anambra state as many rural dwellers migrate to major urban areas in the state like Awka, Onitsha, Nnewi etc. as a result of economic development in these urban area. Most of the youths who want to enroll into tertiary institutions come to Awka, where federal universities, College of Education and other private universities are located. Those who want to engage in business and entrepreneurship find themselves in Onitsha. Onitsha is one of the largest commercial centers in West Africa, while others go to Nnewi to establish industries where household materials are produced and various auto parts are assembled. Therefore, most of the youth and adult men and women of working age (18-60) have left the rural area which has contributed negatively to economic development of Anambra state. The elderly men and women are left to provide for themselves with their little farm lands since most lands are used to build large mansions which nobody lives rather some people are paid to keep watch over their properties.
However, some of the migrants come back to these rural areas with experiences from the urban area, having made use of all forms of techniques to survive as a result of high competition in those urban areas. Some may set up
patent medicine store, motor mechanics workshops, vulcanizing, hair salon, supermarket, restaurants, etc. while others may terrorize the rural dwellers, through robbery, kidnapping and criminal activities. Likewise the urban areas suffer from overpopulation, unemployment, crime, social vices, over utilization of infrastructure and poor management of social amenities. If the rural communities are able to develop the local technology, thereby give way for further development, it will attract government, international bodies, non government organizations and other agencies to support development of such area.
Policies and project such as rural electrification, self-help projects, DFRRI, ADP, NOA, ANIDS, NEEDS and SEEDS were some of the programmes setup by the federal, state or local government to manage the rural urban migration through some of these rural development policies or integrated rural development to see to its success. However management of rural-urban migration in the state seems to have some difficulty. In managing some of the programmes the state or local government, have put in place some agencies to address these problems and its adverse effects on economic development of the state. These agencies will be analyzed effectively to see how adequate they are in carrying out their duties.
Rural-urban migration has affected food production in the state. Most of the basic food stuffs are imported from the northern part of the country even t hough we have a better climate condition in the eastern region. The inadequate
infrastructure and social amenities has also hampered development as most of the programmes and projects are located in the urban areas while the primary beneficiaries do not benefit from the project. In Nigeria most of the developmental plans are in favour of the urban areas. Business and commercial activities are successful where the market is. The rural areas do not have that market and factors of production are inadequate for economic development in Anambra state. It is on the strength of this situation and occurrences, that the researcher decided to study the” Management of Rural-Urban Migration and Economic Development, with emphasis on Anambra State.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Over the years, there have been frequent outcries of increased rural urban migration and the attendant adverse consequences. Rural-urban migration has affected both the rural areas and urban areas negatively. It has been observed that the great pressure on economic infrastructure and accommodation facilities in terms of residential and office apartment has led to high cost of rent in the urban areas.
The migrants are in the urban area for various reasons, either for education or business. Whichever vocation they seek, they are faced with competition. This has led to frustration and psychological problems due to non-accomplishment of goals and objectives of migrating to the urban area. The state government has set up agencies and put in place programmes to address this issue. Most of the agencies responsible for management of the rural-urban migration are cited in the urban centers. Such as Agricultural Development Programme (ADP), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Ministry of Rural Development among others. They seem to forget the reason behind their establishment; likewise the personnel recruited into these agencies seem to be unwilling to enter the field to gather information that will assist them in execute these projects in the rural areas.
The state government while implementing the programmes engages in politics, as they swerve resources for economic development to inconsequential areas, while neglecting other areas like the agricultural sector. Less focus on agricultural sector brings about food scarcity and low agricultural produce for the teeming population. The fall in food production results to food insecurity and importation. The lands that were supposed to be used for agriculture or mechanized farming have been used to build hotels, accommodations, industries and mansions.
Furthermore, as attention is being directed to the urban area, major projects and programmes that ought to be directed to the rural areas are diverted to the urban area. Yet these facilities in the urban areas are not properly maintained by some of these agencies. The primary beneficiaries do not gain or participate in such projects. Hence the rural dwellers languish in abject poverty, low life expectancy , unemployment, lack of social amenities, poor power generation and basic infrastructures which hamper economic development.
1.3 Research Questions
Against this backdrop, the questions that agitate the mind of the researchers are;
- To what extent has housing scheme helped in tackling the challenges of rural-urban migration in Anambra State?
- What effort has been made by the power sector towards containing the pressure of rural-urban migration?
- To what extent has the agricultural extension programme reduced rural-urban migration in Anambra State?
- What are the impediments to the effective implementation of rural development programmes?
- How has the management of rural-urban migration affected the economic development of Anambra state?
1.4 Objectives of the Study
- Examine the efforts made by the power sector towards containing the pressure of rural-urban migration on the economic development of Anambra state.
- Investigate if the agricultural extension programme has reduced rural-urban migration in Anambra state.
- Identify the factors that impede on the effective implementation of policy measures put in place to reduce rural-urban migration.
- Examine the effect of economic development on management of rural-urban migration in Anambra state?
1.5 Hypotheses
Hi1 Housing scheme has effectively addressed the challenges of rural-urban migration in Anambra State
Hi2 Power sector has contained the pressure of rural- urban migration on the sector.
Hi3 Ineffective implementation of agricultural-extension has impeded rural-urban migration in Anambra state.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is aimed at finding solutions to rural-urban migration and facilitating rural development through the process of job creation for the youths, laying emphasis on improving rural economic condition and also to on improving rural economic conclusion and also to make meaningful and sustainable, economic decision necessary for the acceleration of rural development there by reducing drastically rural urban migration in the country.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study was carried out on management of rural urban migration and economic development in Nigeria. The study was limited to Anambra state. The selected local governments under study were Awka South, Nnewi North and Onitsha North. This will relate on the effect of rural-urban migration in the rural development of Nigeria in Umuahia North Local Government area, there are no basic industries that will employ the development active labour force, thus prompt to the urban migration to the urban areas in search of job opportunities, business enhancement, quality education and quality medical facilities etc.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
A research is never an easy task to overcome. There are occasions when the researcher would encounter problems much are basic and unavoidable. The research questions and questionnaires disturbed were limited. The inhabitants of Nigeria and all questions related to effect of rural-urban migration in the rural development in Nigeria was asked, obtaining information for accurate work was not easy. These were obstacles and hindrances which range from limited time. On willingness and uneasiness of the respondents to give the needed information as objectives and validity of any conclusion drawn from the study.
1.9 Definition of the Study
For the purpose of charity, the following terms have been used in this study and defined.
Rural Areas:
Living in village and people who are underdeveloped.
Urban Sector:
Living in the city or town that is civilized and developed.
Migration:
This means, moving from one place to another, may be in search of food shelter and clothing or to be comfortable in life.
Development:
This is the action or process of moving in an upward manner or being developed.
Modernization:
To make a system, methods, etc more modern and more suitable for use at the present time.
Chapter Five
Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
The implication of migration on the socio-development of Anambra state cannot be over emphasized. Therefore, incentives and mechanized system of agricultural should be implemented in the community improved seedlings, fertilizer, extension workers in order to reactivate agricultural practice and make it worth while hence the hence the rural area is blessed with large fertile land which is suitable for agriculture. The rural dwellers in the area should not be neglected in the process of development programme as thus will motivate their interest in citizen participation on community development. That government should rehabilitate the roads in the area to enable of agricultural products to the urban area, the need to educate, rural farmers on how to preserve farm product is essential and should be a top most priority. This will inject bountifully yield on agricultural products and increase in financial income in expert market or transaction.
5.2 Recommendation
These recommendations include the following under listed:
- Both the people and government must co-operate. There can be no even development if people do not support government efforts. Likewise if the government cannot communicate to its citizen what it intends to achieve through its transparency and public accountability, then we still have a long way to go.
- The government should make use of a bottom-up approach or management technique. If ideas and policy statement can come from the grassroots or masses then government will be able to know what the people really need. Then programmes and policies will address the needs of the people instead of the selfish interest of privileged few in the state.
- The government should make use of “best-practice method”. This will help bring out the best of the best. Hence projects and awarding of contracts should not be based on political patronage but on who can best deliver on the job. Hence it must employ well qualified and competent technical and scientific staff
- Training and developmental programmes should be encouraged form staff. This can also be achieved if staff are allowed to go for training, seminars, conferences and workshops to meet up with modernatization and technology.
- The government should follow-up on projects and programmes to avoid the abandonment of project that would have generated money from the terming population. this will be achieved by putting in place solid monitoring team to ensure strict compliance to set down objectives.
- The Urban government must ensure that the policy it enunciates to bring about urban development is not ambiguous, vague and overtly ambitious and pursing multiple and often conflicting objectives at the same time. In fact they must imbibe the principles of “SMART” in policy making, which means that policy must be specific, measureable, achievable, realistic and time bound.
- The government should develop a maintenance culture. This will enable the state save a lot of money that would have used in areas of needs. Also it will make it possible for government to engage in profitable ventures that will bring about economic development
- There should be regular evaluation and monitoring of these agencies by government. This will enable them to more effective in carrying out their duties to the citizen.
- The government should take into considerations the power sector. Expert should be attracted by government to improve the condition. Without power supply the state continue to loss. Increasing the tariff will only make life more difficult. While many of its citizen migrate to countries with steady power supply.
- Land should also made available to farmers and they should be encouraged by providing them with improved seeds, credit facilities, non interest loans and create a easy access to transport these agricultural products. They should be encouraged to cultivate cash crops that will be exported. This will increase per captia income and the economic development of the state. Likewise agriculture should be introduced into the educational system as a compulsory subject to enable people appreciate agriculture.
- The government should Suggest addition vocational courses with skill acquisition programmes in the curriculum of scholars as well as the migrants educational programmes is imperative as that will make them take advantage of large commercial network of the area to fight poverty and reduce migration. This is a way the government can provide a working policy that will encourage the youths in the area towards self development. The need for qualitative functional education cannot be overemphasized. Good education is expected to develop marketable and functional skills in the people and thus prepare them for the world of work. Related to this is the need to construct and equip educational institutions in the rural areas. This can help in stemming the tide of rural out migration.
- The government should engage the services of foreign expert to help manage some of these erosion sites. If not many of our land will be lost to erosion and landslides.
- The government should avoid urban bias. The rural area where most of the resources are tapped. These rural areas should be able to have the basic needs of life (roads, water, shelter and electricity). Some of the government agencies and infrastructures should be located in the rural are. There cannot be development if these two areas are not in equilibrium
Finally, government has the task of sensitizing the populace on the price of economic development. Development does not come by chance. It involves imbibing positive values and perseverance by the citizen. Paradoxically, Even though there is inadequate data to properly evaluate the potential of the state in achieving the MDGs come 2015, available data indicate that the current situation is still a far cry from this target. In order to join in the national aspiration towards attaining the MDGs, Anambra state must overcome this legacy of crises and mismanagement in order to translate its potentials into improved livelihood for the people. This together with strengthening public infrastructure, fighting corruption in government, and managing the political diversities that has emerged in recent times has the potential in turning the tide in the state.


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