Causes Of Infertility And Attitude Of Couples Towards Infertility In Vaden Clinic And Fertility Center Owerri Imo State

Causes Of Infertility And Attitude Of Couples Towards Infertility In Vaden Clinic And Fertility Center Owerri Imo State (Charles)
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the causes of infertility and attitude of couples towards infertility in Vaden Clinic and Fertility Center Owerri Imo State. The study was carried out to determine prevalence of infertility challenges among couples attending Vaden Clinic And Fertility Center Owerri Imo State, assess the knowledge of couples on possible causes of infertility, ascertain the implications of infertility on couples marital relationship, and determine the attitude of couples towards the management of infertility. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprised of couples attending Vaden Clinic and Fertility Center Owerri Imo State. In determining the sample size, the researcher purposefully selected 147 respondents and 141 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables, and mean scores. While the hypotheses was tested Chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that the possible causes of infertility among couples includes: ovulation disorders, Tubal disease, Endometriosis, Anatomical factors such as fibroids and other uterine abnormalities. Furthermore, the study revealed that the implications of infertility on couples marital relationship includes: mental/emotional health trauma, termination of marriage, impaired quality of life, unhealthy relationship with family relatives, and marital dissatisfaction. Therefore, it is recommended that mass enlightenment of the public could help increase the knowledge of the causes of infertility among involuntary childless couples and also reduce feeling of inferiority complex among childless couples. To mention but a few.
Table of Content
- Title Page
- Certification
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Content
- List of Tables
- Abstract
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypothesis
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Limitation of the Study
- 1.9 Definition of Terms
- 1.10 Organisations of the Study
Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample Size Determination
- 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
- 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Validity of the Study
- 3.9 Reliability of the Study
- 3.10 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.1 Data Presentation
- 4.2 Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Answering Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendation
- References
- APPENDIX
- QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Reproduction is known as an essential human desire so that infertility may cause a great deal of psychosocial impairment [Khodakarami, and Hashemi, 2009]. According to WHO, infertility is defined as a disease of the reproductive system in which pregnancy does not occur after 1 year of continued intercourse [Masearenhas, and Flaxma, 2012]. Infertility is considered as a global concern which affects many aspects of life in both genders [Sumera, and Raafay, 2010]. The rates even go up to 186 million people around the world [Inhorn, and Patrizio, 2015]. Infertility may work as a painful emotional experience [Dural,&Yasa, 2016]. It can cause a lot of psychological issues including stress, anxiety, depression, diminished self-esteem, declined sexual satisfaction, and reduced quality of life [Kamel & Remah, 2010]. The resulted psychosocial issues affect the female gender adversely more than her spouse [Patrizio, 2015], especially in societies where there are prejudices against women [Balen, and Bos, 2009]. As such, an infertile woman may show a relatively high level of frustration and anger which affect her relationship with family, friends and even her spouse. Likewise, infertile women are more likely to develop mental illnesses, marital dissatisfaction, and impaired quality of life compared to the individuals of fertile group [ Farrokh and Eslamlou, 2014]. Attitudes toward infertility are often influenced by ethnic and cultural groups [Aliyeh, and Laya, 2007]. In the eastern societies, the community mainly expects women to play a role as a mother. This will cause many psychosocial concerns and many other challenges if pregnancy does not occur for any reason [ Choobfroushzadeh, 2013].
Furthermore, while the infertility is not a disease, its treatment can affect all aspects of couples lives, which can cause various health, psychological, and emotional disorders or consequences including turmoil, frustration, depression, anxiety, hopelessness, guilt, and feelings of worthlessness in life (Maroufizadeh, 2015). For instance, a quantitative study in Iran revealed that infertility treatment is amongst the most stressful factors for the infertile couples (Ghaheri, 2015). However, according to Isiugo-Abanihe, (1998), infertility can be wholly accepted and managed by the couple as a marital challenge in their enduring love but pressure from society/extended family weaken the relationship. In line with the above, this study is focused on unveiling the causes of infertility and attitude of couples towards infertility in Vaden Clinic And Fertility Center Owerri Imo State.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
It is a dream of every married couple to have a child, which will bring happiness and joy into their life. Infertility is a disease of reproductive system, which affects men and women with almost equal frequency(Callahan, et al. 2008). Infertility is a worldwide problem affecting 8-12 percent couple (50-80 million) during their reproductive lives (WHO, 2011). Infertility has stigmatised women from time immemorial. Women who are deemed to be infertile are often excluded from religious practices and face many such social difficulties. Further, male factor of infertility is a taboo subject and is less often discussed in the society. This constrains the relationship of the couples resulting in divorces. Even if the couple seek treatment, women are often blamed for childlessness and she alone is expected to undergo the diagnostic procedures to know the cause of infertility(Namujju, 2008).
A global survey of almost 17,500 women (mostly of childbearing age) from 10 countries revealed that knowledge and attitude regarding infertility and biology of reproduction was poor. The risk factors for infertility include obesity, advanced maternal age, menstrual irregularities, sexually transmitted infections, smoking, alcohol consumption and many others.
Increasing the level of knowledge of these factors may help to decrease the incidence of infertility by allowing couples to avoid certain risk factors that might lead to it(Biovin, et al. 2007). This knowledge may also help wider society to understand and empathize with the infertile couple, which may lead to a decrease in the psychological burden to those affected. More ever, patient education has been found to be a key aspect of patient satisfaction with infertility care.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The overall aim of this study is to critically assess the causes of infertility and attitude of couples towards infertility in Vaden Clinic And Fertility Center Owerri Imo State. Hence, the study will be channeled to the following specific objectives;
- Determine prevalence of infertility challenges among couples attending Vaden Clinic And Fertility Center Owerri Imo State.
- Assess the knowledge of couples on possible causes of infertility.
- Ascertain the implications of infertility on couples marital relationship.
- Determine the attitude of couples towards the management of infertility.
1.4 Research Question
This study will be guided by the following questions;
- What is the prevalence of infertility challenges among couples attending Vaden Clinic And Fertility Center Owerri Imo State?
- What are the possible causes of infertility among couples?
- What are the implications of infertility on couples marital relationship?
- What is the attitude of couples towards the management of infertility?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
- Ho: Couples do not have negative attitude towards infertility
- Ha: Couples do have negative attitude towards infertility.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will serve as a material for enlightenment for mostly married couples, and the society at large. To a very great extent, this study will educate families on the need and how to manage family and societal pressures which are associated with the issue of infertility especially among women. The study will further caution the society on the implications of intruding into family matters as delicate as infertility, and the need to offer relevant support to victims of infertility not to add fire to the smoke. This study will add to the existing body of knowledge on medical sociology. It will create room for further research on the challenges associated with infertility among married women.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study is structured but delimited to the the causes of infertility and attitude of couples towards infertility in Vaden Clinic And Fertility Center Owerri Imo State.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. However, the researcher were able to manage these just to ensure the success of this study.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Childless:
The absence of children in a family resulting from the inability to conceive a child by married couple or death of existing children.
Couples:
This refers to a man and woman united and legally bounded in marriage.
Culture:
The arts, customs, beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute peoples’ way of life.
Fertility:
The condition, or the degree of being fertile
Infertility:
The inability to conceive after a period of 12 months of uncontrollable and unprotected sexual intercourse.
1.10 Organizations of the Study
The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings on the causes of infertility and attitude of couples towards infertility in Vaden Clinic and Fertility Center Owerri Imo State. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.
5.2 Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was to examine the causes of infertility and attitude of couples towards infertility in Vaden Clinic and Fertility Center Owerri Imo State. The study specifically was aimed to determine prevalence of infertility challenges among couples attending Vaden Clinic And Fertility Center Owerri Imo State, assess the knowledge of couples on possible causes of infertility, ascertain the implications of infertility on couples marital relationship, and determine the attitude of couples towards the management of infertility.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 141 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents are couples attending Vaden Clinic and Fertility Center Owerri Imo State.
5.3 Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher made the following conclusion.
- The prevalence of infertility challenges among couples attending Vaden Clinic And Fertility Center Owerri Imo State is low.
- The possible causes of infertility among couples includes: ovulation disorders, Tubal disease, Endometriosis, Anatomical factors such as fibroids and other uterine abnormalities.
- The implications of infertility on couples marital relationship includes: mental/emotional health trauma, termination of marriage, impaired quality of life, unhealthy relationship with family relatives, and marital dissatisfaction.
- Couples has a negative attitude towards the management of infertility.
5.4 Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.
- Mass enlightenment of the public could help increase the knowledge of the causes of infertility among involuntary childless couples and also reduce feeling of inferiority complex among childless couples.
- Childless couples should seek for medical treatment jointly.
- Most of the childless women have financial problems to receive medical treatments. Government should give due attention in developing short term plans and programs that create affordable and accessible medical treatments for infertility and that guarantee old age security for the socially disadvantaged elderly childless women.

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