Industrial Radiography In Nigeria, Awareness Among Radiography Students In University Of Calabar

Industrial Radiography In Nigeria, Awareness Among Radiography Students In University Of Calabar
Abstract
The research work was carried out to assess the awareness level of industrial radiography among radiography students. This research work entails the administration of close ended question of 150 distributed to radiography students. A total of 145 questionnaires were collected.
This work demonstrated the reason why there is poor awareness level of industrial radiography among radiography student in the University of Calabar. The data collected were analyzed and presented in percentages and conclusion was drawn about the subject.
The work shows a distribution of respondent that have heard about industrial radiography and constitute 45%, also that 17% heard about industrial radiography by the use of school library, 34% of the respondent heard about industrial radiography using the media, 49% by friends.
Table of Contents
- Title Page
- Certification
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Content
- Abstract
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Background of Study
- 1.2 Statement of Problem
- 1.3 Objective of Study
- 1.4 Significance of Study
- 1.5 Scope of Study
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review
- 2.1 History of Radiography
- 2.2 Nature of Penetrating Radiation
- 2.2.1 Xradiation
- 2.2.2 Bremsstrahlung Radiation
- 2.2.3 Kshell Emission
- 2.3 Xray Generators
- 2.4 Xray Machine for Industrial Radiography
- 2.5 Radio – Isotopes (Gamma Sources)
- 2.6 Xray Generator Options
- 2.6.1 Flash Xray Generator
- 2.7 Gamma Sources
- 2.7.1 LINAC (Linear Acceleration)
- 2.7.2 Component of LINAC
- 2.7.3 Principle of Operation
- 2.7.4 Accelerating Waveguide
- 2.7.5 Electron Beam Transport
- 2.8 Image Acquisition
- 2.8.1 Film Material
- 2.8.2 Basic Film Types
- 2.8.3 Duplitized Film
- 2.8.4 Single Coated
- 2.8.5 Anti Halation
- 2.8.6 Film Processing
- 2.8.7 Image Enhancement and Analysis
- 2.9 Digital Radiography in Industrial Radiography of Pipe Line
- 2.10 Radiation Monitory Devices
- 2.10.1 Area Survey Meters
- 2.10.2 Ionization Chambers
- 2.10.3 Proportional Counters
- 2.10.4 Neutron Area Survey Meters
- 2.10.5 Individual Monitoring
- 2.10.6 Film Badge
- 2.10.7 Thermo Luminescence Dosimetry Badge
- 2.10.8 Radiation Control and Precaution
Chapter Three
3.0 Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of Study
- 3.3 Sample Size and Data Collection
- 3.4 Limitation and Sources of Error
Chapter Four
4.0 Results
- 4.1 Sociodemographic Data
- 4.2 Low Experience of Industrial Radiography
- 4.3 Awareness Level of Industrial Radiography
Chapter Five
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Discussion
- 5.2 Sociodemographic Data
- 5.3 Low Experience of Industrial Radiography.
- 5.4 Awareness Level of Industrial Radiography
- 5.5 Conclusion
- 5.6 Recommendation
- References
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
Two of the giant strides in radiography was the discovery of x-ray by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895 and after which following 3 years, radioactive source (Radium) was discovered by Henry Becquerel. The discovery of these two types of radiation by two scientists gave rise to industrial Radiography.
Industrial radiography has grown out of engineering and is a major element of Non-destructive testing. It is a method of inspecting materials for flaws that are hidden by using the ability of short x-rays and gamma rays to penetrate various materials. Gamma radiation provides immense benefits over lower energy x-rays by allowing penetration of materials which delivering highly detailed images. Additionally, gamma source devices (referred to as “camera”) do not require an electrical supply to operate. The source of gamma radiation are mostly derived from the decay process of 60 cobalt, selenium-75, indium-192 etc. the vast majority of industrial radiography concerns the testing and grading of welds on pressuring piping, pressure vessels, high-capacity storage containers, pipelines and some structural welds, machine parts, plate metal, concrete (Patrick, 2008).
This powerful radiation scrutiny process allows at levels not reached by other non-destruction examination i.e ultrasound. Also, due to the need of highly penetrating radiation, there has been innovation in the manufacturing of x-ray machine with specification that matches the purpose of industrial x-ray production.
Industrial radiography presents immense benefit as it has also evolved from the conventional film recording, the processing procedures to a more state–of-the–art technology of image processing i.e digitization of image, computed radiography , direct radiography. This has aided to improve image acquisition in industrial radiography enhancing the workflow and reducing the cost of film purchasing and processing manually.
In industrial radiography, the implementation and management of a comprehensive safety program aids in covering the risk involved with the practice of industrial radiographic technique, also, the powerful nature of industrial radiography presents unique challenges to those utilizing this non-destructive examination methods to inspect critical components and structures.
State and federal regulations require the use of radiation detection tools when practicing industrial radiography. This safety equipment not only allows tracking and awareness of radiation activity but also provides a vast safety net for all those involved. It is essential to the success of a comprehensive safety program that radiographers maintain properly Calibrated device to use in all testing activities. The use of properly calibrated radiation detection equipment is essential to the safety of the radiographer and public.
Though, film badge is a reliable safety tool in industrial radiography and it gives a significant data reportable which is reliable for audit (Patrick, 2008).
Also, all rules and standards setup during procedures must be strictly adhered to enhance safety of radiation to personal and environment during and after waste dumping (Patrick, 2008).
1.2 Statement of Problem
Since the discovery of x-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen and radioactivity by Henry Becquerel, the use of x-rays and gamma rays have been applied to the medical profession where it has found itself useful in the diagnosis and in therapeutic to combat disease and in industrial world where it is used in various means of quality assessment and non-destructive testing of metals, crystals, metal and other materials.
In Nigeria, the medical radiography field is the most recognized and acclaimed course in radiography and is most often found in Nigeria Universities compared to it counterpart – industrial radiography, therefore, there is no bearing showing the teaching of industrial radiography in Nigeria by schools that are offering radiography.
This work is aimed at assessing the level of awareness among radiography students.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The main aim of this study is to determine the level of awareness of industrial radiography among medical radiography students.
The specific objectives are:
- To determine the percentage of radiography students who are aware of industrial radiography.
- To determine the source of information.
- To document the usefulness of industrial radiography to our society.
1.4 Significance of Study
This research work will increase the level of awareness among student and also serve as an enlightenment campaign to medical radiography students in University of Calabar.
1.5 Scope of Study
This study is limited to all students, in year 1 to year 5 class in the department of radiography, University of Calabar.
Chapter Five
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Discussion
A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed to medical radiography students in the University of Calabar, 145 questionnaires were properly filled and returned. The high number of return of the filled questionnaire was because the researcher use the wait-and-get method of questionnaire collection.
5.2 Socio-Demographic Data
From the 145 questionnaire returned, the socio-demographic distributions show that 100 level students have twenty-two (22) respondent, 200 level students also have twenty-two (220 respondents, 300 level student have 34 respondent, 400 level student have a total of fourty-one (41) respondents and 500 Level students have a total of twenty-six (26) respondent as shown in the demographic distribution fig 4.1.
This uneven distribution of sample size across each class is as a result of the sampling technique used in the research.
Fig 4.2 shows the distribution of the entire sampling population under sex distribution, from the figure, it shows that male respondents constitute seventy-seven (77) and female constitute sixty-eight (68) of the total sampling size. It is observed from the figure that, the uneven sex distribution was because of the sampling technique used (simple random sampling).
Figure 4.3, this shows the age distribution of the total respondent used by the researcher. The distribution as shown, shows that respondent from age bracket 12-17 constitute one respondent, age bracket 18-25 constitute 89 respondents, respondents within age bracket 26-30years are 49, while those that are 31 years and above constitute 6 respondents. From interpretation of the fig 4.3 N, it show the age group. The researcher observed that from the age distribution, 12-17 years, that one (1) respondent have heard about “industrial radiograph”. From the age distribution of 18-25 years, 37 respondent have heard about “industrial radiography”.
From the age distribution of 26-30 years, it is observed that 26 respondent have heard about industrial radiography. From the age destitution of 30 years and above, it was observed that one respondent have heard about industrial radiography. The observation across the Age destitution shows that respondent from age bracket 18-25 years actually have the highest awareness about industrial radiography
5.3 Low Experience of Industrial Radiography.
Figure 4.4 , shows a distribution of the respondent on the basis of whether they have heard about industrial radiography. The distribution shows that a higher percentage of the respondent (55%) have not heard about industrial radiography ,while the remaining 45% have heard about industrial radiography.
Figure 4.5, shows the distribution on how the respondent got to hear about radiography, from the figure, 17% heard about industrial radiography by the use of school library, 34% of the respondent heard about industrial radiography using the media, 49% by friends.
5.4 Awareness Level of Industrial Radiography
Figure 4.6, observation made on figure 4.6 on the on basis of having Basic idea about the industrial radiography shows that ,8% of the respondent have a basic idea about industrial radiography and 92% of the respondent don’t have basic idea.
Figure 4.7, distribution showing the level of awareness of industrial radiography, the respondent that their awareness level is excellent are 8%, 12% of the respondent have moderate awareness level and 80% of the respondent show that they have poor awareness level about industrial radiography.
Figure 4.8 , shows the distribution on the respondent that would want to make a carrier in industrial radiography.
The researcher observed that 70% of the respondent thet have heard about industrial Radiography would want to make a carrier in industrial radiography, while the remaining 30% of respondent would not like to make an additional career in industrial radiography.
5.5 Conclusion
The result of the study revealed that there is low level of awareness of industrial radiography among medical radiography student, which can be attributed mainly to lack of enlightenment campaign program. The sources of information which are the school library, media and friends shows that the media which is expected to be the greatest information provider is lagging behind to friends. industrial radiography and its applications have been able to tackle greater challenges such as testing and grading of welds on pressuring pipes, pressure vessels, high capacity storage container, pipelines and some structural welds, machine parts ,plate metal etc.
5.6 Recommendation
I recommend that more sensitization program should be done on the field of industrial radiography, So as to make the student more enlightened about the subject of radiography and making them well grounded onto their choice of career.


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