Implication Of Foreign Exchange Management And Global Economy Down Turn On Nigerian Economy (A Case Study Of Eco Bank Plc Ilorin Branch)

Implication Of Foreign Exchange Management And Global Economy Down Turn On Nigerian Economy (A Case Study Of Eco Bank Plc Ilorin Branch)

Table of Content

• Title Page
• Certification
• Dedication
• Acknowledgement
• Table Of Content

Chapter One:

Introduction

• 1.0 Introduction and Background of the Study
• 1.1 Statement of the Problem
• 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study
• 1.3 Significance of the Study
• 1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study
• 1.5 Definition of Key Terms
• 1.6 Plan of the Study

Chapter Two:

Literature Review

• 2.0 Literature Review
• 2.1 Theoretical Review
• 2.2 Conceptual Review
• 2.3 Empirical Review
• 2.4 Foreign Exchange in Context
• 2.5 The Rule of Central Bank of Nigeria (C.B.N) in Foreign Exchange Management
• 2.6 Policy Tool for Foreign Exchange Management
• 2.7 Global Financial Crisis and its Implication for the Nigeria’s
• Reference

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

• 3.0 Introduction
• 3.1 Population of the Study
• 3.2 Data Collection
• 3.3 Data type/Source of Data
• 3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques
• 3.5 Limitation of the Methodology

Chapter Four:

Data Analysis and Presentation

• 4.0 Introduction
• 4.1 Analysis of Questionnaire Administration
• 4.2 Interpretation of Result

Chapter Five:

Summary and Recommendations

• 5.0 Summary
• 5.1 Recommendations
• 5.2 Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Questionnaire

Chapter One

Introduction

1.0 Introduction and Background of the Study

The need for foreign currency policy management arises only within the frame-work of countries engaged in international trade in contract to a closed economy, whose scope does not transcend its intra country trade transactions.

Foreign exchange is the means or ways of effecting payment for international transaction it can be acquired by a country through the export of goods and services, direct investment inflow drawn down on external loans aid or grants and it can also be expanded on settling international obligations. It is made up of convertible currencies that are generally accepted for the settlements of international trade and other external obligations. Such currencies include those of the group of seven (G7) industrialized countries made up of united state Dollar, British pound sterling, deutsche mark, Japanese yen, French, Italian and Canadian dollar.

Foreign exchange market is the medium of interaction between the sellers and buyers of foreign exchange in a bid to negotiate a mutually acceptable price for the settlement of international transactions. The objectives of the market include the provision of an avenue for the exchange of national currencies and the creation of an effective mechanism for the allocation of foreign exchange.

The foreign exchange market consist of the seller (supply) and buyer (demand) of foreign exchange. The major participant in foreign exchange market are the monetary authorities (Central Bank of Nigeria) authorized dealers (Bank) agents of the public sector, and the private sector as well as correspondent banks abroad. The supply of foreign exchange is derived from oil and non oil exports, capital by receipts include draw down on loans, expenditure of foreign tourist in Nigeria, repatriation of capital by Nigeria resident abroad as well as invisible receipt by the private sector. On the other hand the demand of foreign exchange consist of payments for important external debt service obligations personal home remittances (PHR) by foreign nations resident in the country, financial commitment of international organization and the country’s embassies abroad as well as other invisible out payment by the private sector.

1.1 Statement of the Problem

An important threat to effective foreign exchange policies and management in Nigeria, is the accumulation of foreign debt whose servicing have been conceiving a greater proportion of the dividing inflow at the detriment of developed programmes which require foreign for exclition.

In consisting in policy formulation and implementation is another major problem. Frequent changes minister/secretariat witnessed change in policies and his affect performance and result.

Lack of monetary and fiscal policy on the part of government from 1970 to date, Nigeria has witnessed grass mis-management of respondences and budget indiscipline. A situation where budget is surplus and ends up in billion of naira deficit.

Narrow export based and low elasticity of export goods protectionist policies of the industrialized nation against export goods and development of syntheties (fibers) seem to have jointly conspired to frustrate the efforts to increase earning from export.

1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study

The primary objectives of this research is to analyze the source of the foreign exchange and prefer solution on how it can be managed effectively to achieve the set of goals.

To achieve the set of goals or objectives, the following objectives have been specified:

1. To review the existing literature, collect and collate information on sources of foreign exchange.
2. To identify the sources of foreign exchange
3. To identify the review loopholes and malpractice in foreign exchange management
4. To analyze the ways that foreign exchange gets to the ultimate users.
5. To determine the effects of foreign exchange mis-management
6. To recommend measure to take to improve the foreign exchange management.

1.3 Significance of the Study

The worsening balance of payment(B O P )accumulated external debt continued commitment of greater parts of the declining exchange earning to debt servicing alongside domestic inflation and management of the country foreign exchange resources.

This, a research into this topic is a better understanding of the issues involve in forex policy and management and offer useful proposal for the benefit makers, scholars and individual or corporate in or using forex.

1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study focused on the implication of foreign exchange management and global economic down turn on Nigeria economy. The problems encountered in the study were multidimensional in native

Although through the help of some personnel, we were able to get most of the material needed for the project but some staff refused to co-operate to give necessary assistance.

The rate of response from people outside the central bank especially the bureau the change and the black market used in this project was strictly negligible because of their unco-operative attitude and inability to understand the purpose of the project by black market operators.

Some black market operators believe we were trying to gather information for the government on how to curb and refried the of them while staff of bureau change believed that we were being used by some people in the central bank as a result of which they are not prepared to have any discussion with us.

1.5 Definition of Key Terms

Trade:

The buying and selling of goods and service.

Stock Market:

It is also called equity market which is a public market (a loose stock network of economic transaction not a physical facility for stock brokers and traders to trade stock and other securities.

Equities:

Common and preferred stocks, which represent share in the ownership of a company.

Exchange Rate:

The giving of money for its equivalent in another currency.

Bonds:

Promissory note issued by a corporation or government to its lenders usually with a specified amount of interest for a specified length of time.

Certificate:

The physical document that shows ownership of a bonds stock or other security.

Fiscal Year:

This is also the same as a budgeting year which is usually one year.

Recession:

A temporary decline in the economic activity of a particular country

1.6 Plan of the Study

For the understanding and easy presentation, this research work is divided in to five chapter.

• Chapter one usually contain the introduction, the objective of the study, significance of the study the plan of the study itself, and problem of the study used by the writers.
• Chapter two treats literature review, theoretical review, conceptual review, empirical review, introduction to foreign exchange in context, role of C. B. N in foreign exchange management, policy tool for foreign exchange management and the down turn of global financial crisis on Nigeria economy.
• Chapter three contains research methodology, introduction, population of the study, data collection, sample and sampling techniques and limitation of the methodology.
• Chapter four introduction, data analysis and interpretation of result.
• Chapter five summary, conclusion, recommendation and reference.

Chapter Five

Summary and Recommendations

5.0 Summary

This project examined the implication of foreign exchange management and global economic down turn on Nigeria economy.

The act of foreign exchange management which is the main focus of this project. It is a conscious attempt to harness foreign exchange to raise the level of international renews such that the reserves could be used to finance temporary payment difficulties and to safe-guard the international transaction.

In the pre-SAP Era, the 1962 exchange control act was the basic frame work for foreign exchange management in Nigeria.

The act made provision for foreign exchange measure designed to increase foreign exchange and preserver reduce the disbursement of foreign exchange and preserve the nations foreign exchange reserves. The policies applied during the period derived mainly form income absorption approach.

During this period, exchange controls were not tightened consistently, they were tightened during the period of crisis and loosened during period of relative ease. The exchange rate was administered during this instrument.
With the SAP (Structural Adjustment Programme) period or market determined system related the rigid control of pre-SAP Era. The objectives of SAP as specified the achievement of balance of payment fiscal reliability, removing the naira over valuation, achievement of efficient resource allocation and sustained economic growth. And to achieve this, market determined exchange rate mechanizing was developed with the common cement of foreign exchange rate succeed in removing the problem of over valuation, exchange rate instability has persisted, resulting in non-realization of the benefit derivable from exchange rate adjustment.

The reason for this unsatisfactory situation are attributed mainly to over –liquidity in the system resulting from expansion any fiscal and monetary developments and the indiscipline of some speculative market operations thus led the CBN to adopt far reaching policy measures on 5th March, 1992 aimed at sanitizing the system.

The role of the Central Bank of Nigeria which is the case study of this project was also discussed in chapter two, the principal functions to CBN is main tenancy and management of holdings of monetary, gold, external reserves are held by the Central bank of Nigeria to meet external payment to protect the external value of the naira and to earn income.

The project also discussed the policy tools for foreign exchange management and this included exchange control which is a regulatory mechanism in use in Nigeria since 1950 when exchange control ordinance was enacted. Apart from exchange control, the other tools are administrative controls, diversification policy exchange and rate policy., the cause of global financials crisis effects of it on Nigeria economic and proffer solution to solve the global economic downturn also discussed in chapter two the cause are sub-prime lending boom and collapse of the shadow banking system in June, 2008 a failure in market discipline mechanism.

The effects of global financial crisis on Nigeria economy are falling in commodity prices decline in export lower portfolio and FDI inflow, fall in equity market and one suggested solution is the reduction in liquidity ratio.

5.1 Recommendations

Based on the summary of finding, the solution to the implication of foreign exchange management and global economic down turn on Nigeria Economy are:

1. The level of domestic output should be raised to provide more product for export in order to raised the level of foreign exchange receipts.
2. On demand side the issuance of stabilization securities should be carried out within the frame work of open market operation so as to reduce the ability of the bank to seek financial accommodation and be bidding high for foreign exchange
3. Our borders should be efficiently and effectively policed to prevent importation of banned goods.
4. The federal government should reduce the liquidity ratio through CBN
5. The orientation of our people towards the consumption of imported goods should be discouraged. Placing embargo or increase tariff on many imported goods and thus will reduces imports.

5.2 Conclusion

This project has essentially discussed the foreign exchange market in Nigeria and global economic down turn on Nigeria economy, foreign exchange management and structural adjustment programme and its components. The project also exchange the role of central bank that of bureau de change the black market. It also focused on the pricing methodology and the determination of exchange rates. The project carried out an appraisals on the foreign exchange management in Nigeria.

The main achievement of the proper management of foreign exchange has been the elimination of payment in angers since transaction are done oil export base, increased local source of raw materials and improvement in the balance of payment and capacity utilization are also part of the achievements of the power management of foreign exchange.

However, the system has not succeed in improving significant non-oil receipt and economy is yet to be diversified away from carried oil exports.

Another problem is the wide disparity between foreign exchange allocation to the industrialized sector and its contribution to the pool of foreign exchange available to the economy in addition to the allocation to the agricultural sector which should have provided the necessary linkage with the industrial sector is dismal at less than 3%.

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