Histological Studies On The Effect Of Aspilia Africana On The Kidneys Of Albino Rats

Histological Studies On The Effect Of Aspilia Africana On The Kidneys Of Albino Rats

Abstract

Aqueous extract of Aspilia africana has vast use among rural dwellers especially those in the Eastern part of Nigeria. Its main medicinal use is to stop bleeding. It is usually prescribed for people who have bacterial infections such as gonorrhoea, stomach trouble and corneal opacity. It is also used to prevent conception due to the presents of contraceptive and anti-fertility properties in the leaves.

This study was designed to investigate extract of Aspilia africana on the kidney of abino rats. Twenty healthy acclimatised albino rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups. Animals in group 1 served as control and were administered with distilled water. Animals in groups 2-5 were administered with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% crude extract of Aspilia africana respectively.

After withdrawal of treatment, all animals were starved for 24 hours and sacrificed. Histological examination of the kidney was carried out using haematoxylin and Eosin staining method. Result showed that in the group treated with distilled water only (control), the histological features of the kidney (glomerular and capsule) were normal and well preserved.

And 2 and 3 administrated with 10% and 20% crude extract of Aspilia africana respectively showed very slight necrotic change in kidney of the rats. Groups 4 and 5 administered with 30% and 40% crude extract of Aspilia africana respectively showed multinucleation and inflammatory response at 30% and moderate distortion of capsular and glomerular cyto-architecture at 40%, thus significant change were observed between the kidney features of the control group and the treated groups. It was recommended that continuous use of the plant should not be discouraged, but it should however be taken at moderate doses to prevent possible toxicity.

Table Of Content

Preliminary Page(s)

• Title page
• Approval page
• Dedication
• Acknowledgement
• Abstract
• Table of content

Chapter One

1.0 Introduction

• 1.1 Statement of the problem
• 1.2 Aims of Research
• 1.3 Significance of the study
• 1.4 Scope of the study

Chapter Two

2.0 Review of Related Literature

• 2.1 Medicinal uses
• 2.2 Etiology of kidney

Chapter Three

3.0 Materials and Methods

• 3.1 Equipment
• 3.2 Apparatus
• 3.3 Experimental samples
• 3.4 Collection and Identification of plants
• 3.5 Preparation of Aspilia Africana Extract
• 3.6 Preparation of difference concentration of the Extracts
• 3.7 Experimental animal
• 3.8 Kidney collection
• 3.9 Histological study

Chapter Four

4.0 Result

• 4.1 Discussion of the Result

Chapter Five

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

• 5.1 Conclusion
• 5.2 Recommendation
• References

Chapter One

Introduction

Medicinal Plants

Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to perform important biological functions and to defend against attacks from predators such as insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. Chemical compounds in plants meditate their effects on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for chemical compounds conventional drugs thus do not differ greatly from conventional drugs terms or how they work.
All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities.

These phytochemicals are divided into (1) primary metabolites such as sugars and fats, which are found in all plants; and (2) secondary metabolites compounds which are found in a smaller range of plants, serving a more specific function. For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination.

It is these secondary metabolites and pigments that can have therapeutic actions in humans and which can be refined to produce drugs examples are inulin from the roots of dahlias, quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove. Toxic plants even have use in pharmaceutical development. Plants synthesize a bewildering variety of phytochemicals, but most are derivatives of a few biochemical motifs: polyphenols, Glycosides and Terpenes.

Plants As Drugs And Their Effects

Aspilia africana (compositae) is a semi-woody herb from a perennial woody root stock up to 2m high, very polymorphic and occurring throughout the region on wasteland of the Savannah forested zones and widely distributed across tropical African (Dalziel, 1937). The plant is a weed grazed by cattle and sheep and in such used in the western state as food for rabbits and hares.

It has a high crude protein content (urkill, 1985). The plant is used in herbal medicine to treat various infections of bacterial origin such as gonorrhea, stomach trouble and corneal opacity. The plant is widely used as haemostatic agent (Dalziel, 1937).

The fresh leaves are used on cuts, wounds and sores. A decoction has been recommended for use in treating pulmonary haemorrhages and haemostasis is thought to be due to vasoconstrienon (Irvine, 1961). In Tangayike, a root decoction is taken for tuberculosis and in Ghana; the leaves are made into cough medicine for children. In Uganda, a leaf decoction is taken for treatment of gonorrhea (1992).

There is little report on the chemical constituents of the plant. 1992) reported the presence of fatty acid in the oil of seeds of Aspilia africana and the presence of diterpenes,kaurenoic and grandiflorenic acids from the leave.

Aspilia africana mossambicensis has been reported to possess antimalaria activity against plasmodium falciparium, galactogogue activity and used to alleviate menstrual cramps (ofulla-Avo 1996; 1992). There are no previous in-vtiro antimicrobial activities of Aspilia species in literature to the best of our knowledge. Hence in this paper, we report for the first time, the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of the whole plant of A Africana.

Fig 1: Picture of Aspilia africana

1.2 Statement Of The Problem

Man’s quest for complementary/alternative medication has resulted to the use of medicinal plants. These medicinal plants though at most times cheap are known to cause some toxic effects on some vital organs like kidneys. There is need for research of this nature to determine the level of safety of Aspilia africana on the kidney.

1.3 Aims Of The Research

This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of Aspilia africana on histological features of the kidney in albino rats.

1.4 Significance Of The Study

This study will provide valuable information on the level of safety of Asplia africana in disease management.

1.5 Scope Of Study

1. Preparation of different doses of Aspilia africana crude extract (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%)
2. Administration of the different doses of extract to experimental animals.
3. Determination of the effects of treatment on the kidneys of animals through histological investigations.

Chapter Five

Conclusion

From the results obtained in this work, it could be concluded that administration ofAspilia africanaleaf extract alters or causes some cellular hypertrophy, moderate distortion /destruction of the basement membrane, degenerative and atrophic changes in the cells of tissues of the kidney, with these results, it is probable that the functions of the kidney may be adversely affected by prolonged intake of Aspilia africana.

Recommendation

From the observation made in this study and conclusion drawn it could be recommended that Aspilia africana extract should be consumed at relatively low doses to avoid possible renaltoxicity in man.

Histological Studies On The Effect Of Aspilia Africana On The Kidneys Of Albino Rats

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