Factors Influencing Utilisation Of Family Planning Services Among Female Of Reproductive Age (15-45 Years) In Okwa Community Asaba Delta State
Factors Influencing Utilisation Of Family Planning Services Among Female Of Reproductive Age (15-45 Years) In Okwa Community Asaba Delta State
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the factors influencing utilization of family planning services among female of reproductive age (15-45 years) in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State. The study was carried out to examine knowledge of female of reproductive age on family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State, investigate the sources of female of reproductive age information about family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State, and determine the factors influencing family planning utilization among female of reproductive age in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of women between 15-45 years in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 150 respondents and 141 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables and mean scores. While the hypotheses were tested using chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that the knowledge levels of women of reproductive age on family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State is low. The study also revealed that the factors influencing family planning utilization among female of reproductive age in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State includes; husband’s decision, cultural and religious belief, educational background, and level of income. Therefore, it is recommended that there is a need for government and non-governmental agencies to keep health care providers updated in the trend of modern contraceptives available through in service training and workshops targeted at improving knowledge on the various types and functions of modern contraceptive methods. To mention but a few.
Table of Content
- Title Page
- Certification
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Content
- List of Tables
- Abstract
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypothesis
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Limitation of the Study
- 1.9 Definition of Terms
- 1.10 Organisations of the Study
Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample Size Determination
- 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
- 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Validity of the Study
- 3.9 Reliability of the Study
- 3.10 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.1 Data Presentation
- 4.2 Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Answering Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendation
- References
- APPENDIX
- QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Family planning services is an educational, comprehensive medical or social activity which enables individuals to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select how this may be achieved [Cleland 2006]. The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) in Chandra, et al. [2005] indicated that 41.7% of women of reproductive age receive at least one family planning service from a medical care provider either already pregnant, seeking to become pregnant or infertile because of sterilization.
Nonetheless, the low percentage of individuals using family planning services suggests that either some women are not planning their pregnancies deliberately or they are experiencing problems accessing this type of services [Klerman 2006]. Family planning in Nigeria is one of the pillars of safe motherhood where women can access services that would prevent unwanted pregnancies [Godwin 2009]. In Nigeria, family planning services are frequently delivered in clinics with little or no connection with medical facilities. The utilisation of these services in Nigeria is low when compared to the high fertility and population growth rate in Africa, high fertility translates into high population, and the growth rate was estimated to be between 2.5 and 3.0 per cent per annum [Odimegwu 1999]. Osemwenkha [2004] further stated that it is likely that the utilisation of family planning services can alter the population growth rate, reports have shown that contraceptive knowledge, and usage is very low in Nigeria, hence the reason for the high fertility and increased population.
The underutilisation of family planning methods in these regions is attributed to low literacy and low socio-economic status of women [Oyedokun 2007]; and spousal communication on family planning has also been found to influence contraception use [Narary 2001]. Again, a study by Chacko [2001] found that the number of living sons a woman has also influences her contraceptive use. The resultant effect of underutilisation of these services is a leading cause to the high prevalence of teenage pregnancy and maternal deaths in Africa.
According to Cleland, et al. [2006] family planning services are necessary for the widespread of adoption of preconception care for planning pregnancies and counseling. The potential of family planning services is to promote preconception care which is limited by underutilisation of these services and adequate attention to preconception care during the reproductive years is dependent on the woman and man planning their pregnancies, not only in respect to their timing but also on health-related factors that would maximize their chances for a healthy pregnancy and healthy infant.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Child spacing, which is one of the benefit of utilising family planning services have been identified as a means of reducing maternal deaths [Campbell et al 2006]. Globally, 99% 0f maternal deaths and disability occur in the developing countries, and Nigeria alone accounts for 10 percent [Ekpenyong 2011]. In addition, utilisation of family planning helps to prevent women from participating in unsafe abortion practices [Godwin 2009]. This is because in Nigeria, like many other African countries, abortion is illegal and the United Nation Population Fund (UNFPA) 2009 reported that 74,000 women were estimated to die because of unsafe abortion. This report further explains that 50 million induced abortions were performed each year of which 20 million are performed in unsafe conditions or by untrained providers. Thus, the use of family planning services reduces the number of unintended pregnancies, thereby promoting women reproductive health by decreasing the number of times a woman is exposed to the risk of pregnancy and child bearing in adverse conditions World Population Department (1996). Family planning saves lives and can improve the health of women, children and society as a whole.
The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) (2002) reported that 41.7% of women 15 to 44 years of age received at least one family planning service from a medical care provider. This percentage is not as alarming as it might appear at first glance, because some of the women who did not seek family planning services already were pregnant, seeking to become pregnant, or infertile because of sterilization or other reasons. Nevertheless, this rather low percentage suggests that some women are not either planning their pregnancies deliberately or because they are experiencing problems, obtaining family planning services [Klerman 2006]. The growth rate in Nigeria is estimated to be between 2.5-3.0% increasing per annum currently estimated to 190million persons and is expected to reach 338million persons by 2050, which pose various problems for economic growth and development in the country [UNFPA 2005].
Utilisation of family planning services need to be increased and the content of such services expand to achieve the reproductive health of women. Hence, it becomes expedient to conduct this research to understanding the factors influencing utilisation of family planning services is critical to the efforts of programmes targeted at meeting the demand for contraception.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of this study is to examine the factors influencing utilization of family planning services among female of reproductive age (15-45 years) in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State. The study will specifically assess the objectives below;
- To examine knowledge of female of reproductive age on family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State.
- Investigate the sources of female of reproductive age information about family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State.
- Determine the factors influencing family planning utilization among female of reproductive age in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State.
1.4 Research Questions
The study will be guided by the following questions;
- What is the knowledge of female of reproductive age on family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State?
- What are the sources of female of reproductive age information about family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State?
- What are the factors influencing family planning utilization among female of reproductive age in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
- Ho: There is no adequate utilization of family planning among female of reproductive age in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State.
- Ha: There is no adequate utilization of family planning among female of reproductive age in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State
1.6 Significance of the Study
It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide necessary information that will enhance activities and programs towards the practice of family planning to be appropriately conducted. Furthermore, the findings will also be relevant to those who intend to carry out a similar research topic as it has contributed to the existing literature. Finally, the research will serve as a fuel of new reasoning and further research work on knowledge, attitude and practices of women towards family planning services, and to health science students, lecturers and the general public.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The broad objective of this study is to examine the factors influencing utilisation of family planning services among female of reproductive age (15-45 years) in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State. Hence the study will be delimited to Okwa Community Asaba Delta State.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. In addition, there was the element of researcher bias. Here, the researcher possessed some biases that may have been reflected in the way the data was collected, the type of people interviewed or sampled, and how the data gathered was interpreted thereafter. The potential for all this to influence the findings and conclusions could not be downplayed.
More so, the findings of this study are limited to the sample population in the study area, hence they may not be suitable for use in comparison to other local governments, states, and other countries in the world.
1.9 Definition of Term
Contraceptive:
Contraceptive is designed to prevent pregnancy. Birth control methods may work in a number of different ways: Preventing sperm from getting to the eggs. Types include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and contraceptive sponges.
Family Planning:
The ability of individuals and couples to attain their desired number of children and plan the spacing and timing of their births through use of contraceptive methods.
1.10 Organization of the Study
The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings on the factors influencing utilization of family planning services among female of reproductive age (15-45 years) in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.
5.2 Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was to examine the factors influencing utilization of family planning services among female of reproductive age (15-45 years) in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State. The study is was specifically carried out to examine knowledge of female of reproductive age on family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State, investigate the sources of female of reproductive age information about family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State, and determine the factors influencing family planning utilization among female of reproductive age in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 141 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent were women between 15-45 years in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State.
5.3 Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher concluded that;
- The knowledge levels of women of reproductive age on family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State is low.
- The sources of female of reproductive age information about family planning in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State includes: antenatal clinic, television/radio, friends and church.
- The factors influencing family planning utilization among female of reproductive age in Okwa Community Asaba Delta State includes; husband’s decision, cultural and religious belief, educational background, and level of income.
5.3 Recommendation
From the result of the study, the following recommendations were made:
- There is a need for government and non-governmental agencies to keep health care providers updated in the trend of modern contraceptives available through in service training and workshops targeted at improving knowledge on the various types and functions of modern contraceptive methods.
- Also, health care providers should be enlightened on the importance of providing Long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) as the best contraceptive. method for male as stated in the WHO medical eligibility criteria.
- Awareness campaigns should be carried out targeting married men on the importance of contraceptives in preventing unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases as this could encourage them to uptake contraceptives.
- To improve married men reproductive health, it is recommended that access to a comprehensive range of a friendly information, counselling and behaviour change communication in order to foster the adoption of healthy sexual behaviour and enable them take control of their health is provided.
- There is a need for the introduction of evidence based guidelines regarding the available contraceptive services for married men to assist the HCPs with different choices.
- Health care providers should properly explicate the side effects of family planning to women to enable them make take proper decision that would help them and their family at large
- Religious and social leaders should properly educate their subjects to see the danger associated with producing children that you cannot carter for.
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