Factors Influencing The Attitude Of Women Towards Family Planning In Nigeria: A Case Study Of Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State

Factors Influencing The Attitude Of Women Towards Family Planning In Nigeria: A Case Study Of Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State
Abstract
This study assessed the factors influencing the attitudes of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of socio-cultural elements on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning, evaluate the influence of the level of education and knowledge on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning, evaluate the influence of personal factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning, and to evaluate the influence of environmental and economic factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State. A descriptive research design was used in order to get a detailed idea of the perceptions and behaviors of the respondents. A population size of 1145 pregnant women in the study area was obtained and 296 was used as the sample size based on Taro Yamane’s formula for sample size determination. A combination of stratified and convenience sampling techniques was used to achieve a methodologically representative sample of participants. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires which included demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes towards FP. Respondents to six-item statements within each research question were analyzed descriptively by means of computation of mean and standard deviation, with a cutoff mean of 3.0 on a five-point scale. The results showed that socio-cultural factors were influential in attitudes with mean scores from three to three-two, which shows that cultural beliefs, family pressure, religious injunction, peer opinions, and traditional norms had a great impact on respondents’ perspectives. The influence of education and knowledge was moderate but slightly low: the respondents scored between 2.8 and 2.9 on the average, indicating that there are knowledge gaps that may be a barrier to practicing family planning methods. Personal factors such as age, marital status, number of children, health issues, previous experience and personal beliefs were neutral to positive (mean 3.0), while environmental and economic factors such as household income, availability and cost of health facilities, availability of contraceptives, community support, rural versus urban were 2.9 to 3.0 (contribute to the attitudes). Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that culturally sensitive awareness campaigns, on-going education campaigns, access to affordable family planning services and community support should be implemented to increase the utilization and acceptance of family planning by pregnant women.
Keywords: Factors Influencing, Attitudes, Pregnant Women, Family Planning.
Table of Content
Chapter One
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Significance of the Study
- 1.6 Scope of the Study
- 1.7 Definition of Terms
Chapter Two
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
- 2.4 Summary of Literature Review
Chapter Three
Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Research Setting
- 3.3 Target Population
- 3.4 Sample Size
- 3.5 Sampling Technique
- 3.6 Instruments for Data Collection
- 3.7 Validity and Reliability of Instrument
- 3.8 Pilot Study
- 3.9 Method of Data Collection
- 3.10 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.11 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.0 Introduction
- 4.1 Demographic Analysis
- 4.2 Analysis of the Influence of Socio-Cultural Elements on the Attitude of Pregnant Women Towards Family Planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State
- 4.3 Analysis of the Influence of the Level of Education and Knowledge on the Attitude of Pregnant Women Towards Family Planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State
- 4.4 Analysis of the Influence of Personal Factors on the Attitude of Pregnant Women Towards Family Planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State
- 4.5 Analysis of the Influence of Environmental and Economic Factors on the Attitude of Pregnant Women Towards Family Planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State
Chapter Five
Discussion of Findings
- 5.1 Key Findings
- 5.2 Implications of Findings to Nursing
- 5.3 Limitations of the Study
- 5.4 Summary of the Study
- 5.5 Conclusion
- 5.6 Recommendations
- 5.7 Suggestions for Further Studies
- Appendix
- References
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Fertility control, which is often perceived as a relatively new phenomenon, is in fact an extension of ancient traditional practices, whereby childbirth spacing was controlled by abnormally extended lactation or by a required abstinence in specific cultures. The literature is full of evidence of these practices that display an inherent human behavior of control over the population growth and welfare of the mother (Wasekar and Shaikh, 2023). With the advent of modern medical science, there was the advent of empirically based methods of reproduction, and, hence, the introduction of biomedical methods of intervention in the natural processes of childbearing and the well-being of families. This intersection of tradition and science remains to enlighten the discussion on the world regarding the ways of reproduction by providing models according to which present societies comprehend fertility, female health, and the life cycle (Olakunde et al., 2021).
In recent use, family planning signifies the deliberate regulation of the size, timing and distance among children in an extended or nuclear family through birth control measures or knowledgeable reproductive choice (Claudia et al., 2022). It is not a solitary health intervention but rather a multidimensional construct that comprises socio-cultural, economical as well as the psychological facet. The acceptance of family planning tends to follow the societal attitudes, and in that case, normative requirements, gender relations, and understanding of reproductive autonomy are making a significant impact (Ibiang & Ibiang, 2020). A special role falls into pregnant women who develop their view on the topic of shaping the family planning perspectives as they have gone through the experience of being pregnant, giving birth, and health of their mothers, which leads to their consequential reproductive decisions.
The level of attitudes to family planning depends on an exhaustive list of determinants, starting with the level of knowledge and awareness of birth control methods and ending with cultural and religious beliefs regarding the conception of fertility (Maigoro et al., 2023). Educational status is also a definitive boost to the understanding and approval of the reproductive health interventions, but cultural constructs commonly presume between adoption and rejection of the same. These attitudes are also shaped by social support, such as the support offered by partners and extended kin since any decision-making on fertility is seldom individualistic, but found in the dynamics of a community (Anne et al., 2021). Just as important are health-system factors including access to the services and how the patients relate with the health providers, which can either assist in or hinder the adoption of family planning among pregnancy women.
In the Nigeria, family planning has remained a central topic in the academia and policy making, because of its applicability in respect of maternal healthcare outcomes and national development goals (Atata et al., 2023). In particular, the Ilejemeje Local Government Area of the Ekiti State presents an attractive field of scholarly investigation because of what pregnant women think about family planning. These attitudes indicate the interplay nature of cultural values, educational exposure and health seeking behavior in a local environment. This is because, as Sulemana et al. (2024) argue, when the family planning practices are situated in particular socio-cultural milieus, then the relevance of the strategies in the public health will be positively affected. Thus, by investigating the determinants of the attitude of pregnant women in Ilejemeje, there is a subtle understanding of the reproductive health patterns which resonates with personal desires and the societal norms.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The debate on reproductive health and maternal wellbeing has been brought to the forefront of the global development in health care, and family planning has become one of the key factors in the management of population, maternal health, and the realization of the sustainable development objectives (Wasekar & Shaikh, 2023). With proper implementation, family planning has already made it easier to have healthier families by making couples decide how many and when the child is born, thus promoting the health of women and their socioeconomic well-being (Claudia et al., 2022). The opinions of the pregnant women towards family planning are especially decisive as the perceptions of what they experience during pregnancy and birth directly influence the future birth control decisions. Thus, a thorough recognition of the views of this cohort is a necessary basis of developing the policies and health interventions (Olakunde et al., 2021).
Although much attention has been given to family planning as a critical health approach, significant disparities have continued to exist between the hypothetical performance and the actual utilisation: among women in sub-Saharan Africa. Ideally, pregnant women are expected to have sufficient knowledge about the family-planning modalities, good perceptions of its benefits, and reproductive health services to practice their informed choices (Anne et al., 2021). However, in many situations, the attitudes are shaped with a combination of the overlapping determinants, such as socio-cultural beliefs, widespread myths about the use of contraceptives and irregular health systems responsiveness (Ibiang & Ibiang, 2020). The lack of correspondence between the desired situation of informed acceptance and the current state of affairs in the form of ambivalent or negative perceptions, therefore, underscores the complexity of reproductive-health behaviour and the need to pay it increased academic attention.
In Nigeria, and more specifically in Ekiti State community, the empirical data show that the use of family-planning services depends on a set of variables that attract the contemplation of education, culture, and economic parameters (Atata et al., 2023). Despite the emphasis on contraceptives and reproductive freedom under the policy of different countries and in the educational programs of various medical organizations, the number of women who resort to these methods is still low, particularly within the population of pregnant women as their views on it are influenced by the impact of existing family norms (Maigoro et al., 2023). This lack of congruency highlights the lack of fit between national ambit of increased reproductive health and the existing perceptions of the same at the grassroots level. Without a subtle comprehension of the factors that influence the views held by certain groups of people, the family planning programmes will continue to perpetrate ineffectiveness as far their targeted goals are concerned (Sulemana et al., 2024).
In the Ilejemeje Local Government of Ekiti state, academia researches that explore the unique determinants that shape the attitudes of pregnant women towards family planning are infrequent. Most of the researches so far have remained generic, generalised, and have not gone into details to uncover the mindsets held by pregnant women in this region (Olakunde et al., 2021). As a result, the gap in knowledge arises, which limits the ability to design interventions based on the particular situation. In this regard therefore, this research paper seeks to question the factors which influence the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje and thus in an attempt to provide a solution to the knowledge gap which currently exists and provide empirical data which may be used to guide informed and effective reproductive-health policies.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main aim of this study is to assess the factors influencing the attitudes of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State.The specific objectives of the study seek to:
- Evaluate the influence of socio-cultural elements on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State.
- Evaluate the influence of level of education and knowledge on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State.
- Evaluate the influence of personal factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State.
- Evaluate the influence of environmental and economic factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State
1.4 Research Questions
This study will be guided by the following Questions:
- What is the influence of socio-cultural elements on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State?
- What is the influence of level of education and knowledge on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State?
- What is the influence of personal factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State?
- What is the influence of environmental and economic factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The proposed research is important to pregnant women in the Ilejemeje Local Government because it will provide them with a more detailed knowledge about family planning and its possible role in promoting health and well-being levels and reproductive freedom. The research will empower women to make well-informed choices; hence improving maternal and child health outcomes by explaining what influences their attitudes.
The investigation will also benefit healthcare providers, as it will illuminate the perception and attitude of the pregnant women on family planning. These insights will be used to build better patient-centered counseling, enhance service delivery and strengthen trust that exists between healthcare workers and community.
The research results will be useful to policy makers and planners in the health sector to provide evidence-based information about the realities about family planning on grassroots. This will help in designing culturally sensitive effective reproductive health policies which will be in line with the needs of women in Ekiti State.
Lastly, the research will be valuable to scholars and the academic community since it will widen the body of knowledge regarding reproductive health behavior. It will also be used as a reference to be used in future researches and it will also be a catalyst to further researches based on family planning in similar cultural and local government set ups.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is focused on assessing the factors influencing the attitudes of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State. Empirically, the study will evaluate the influence of socio-cultural elements on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning, evaluate the influence of level of education and knowledge on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning, evaluate the influence of personal factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning, and evaluate the influence of environmental and economic factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning. Geographically, the study will be delimited among pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Family Planning:
Family planning is the deliberate period of individuals or couples to control the quantity, time, and distance of their offspring by the usage of contemporary or customary contraceptive methods. This paper focuses on the understanding and reaction of the pregnant women based in Ilejemeje Local Government to this practice.
Attitudes:
The attitude involved in this study is the views of the perceived, the beliefs, and the dispositions that the pregnant women have with respect to the terms of accepting or rejecting family planning practices. The construct particularly sums up their emotions, preparedness, and readiness to think or accept the strategies of contraceptives.
Pregnant Women:
Pregnant women as a term used in this study will refer to the women who are pregnant and receive the services of antenatal care at the chosen health centers in Ilejemeje Local Government Area.
Chapter Five
Discussion of Findings
5.1 Key Findings
The influence of socio-cultural elements on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning
The results in Table 4.2 show that socio-cultural elements significantly affect the attitude of pregnant women to family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government because all the six items have mean scores that are at or above the cutoff values of 3.0. Specifically, cultural beliefs against family planning had a mean of 3.2, family and decision making 3.1; religious teachings 3.2, peer influence 3.0, traditional norms regarding family size 3.1 and societal expectation of limited autonomy 3.0. These results show that socio-cultural factors – including family, religion and peer expectations – are central to decision-making about family planning. Comparatively, Efejene et al. (2025) found that 20.0% of women strongly agreed cultural and religious beliefs foster family planning and 42% acknowledged socio-economic influences on views, which shows a similar trend where cultural and religious beliefs in traditional norms have impacts on family planning decisions. The implication of this finding is that in spite of awareness or knowledge of family planning methods, the attitudes of pregnant women are moderated to a great extent by the cultural and religious expectations. These socio-cultural pressures may facilitate or not facilitate the adoption of contraceptives, showing the importance of culturally sensitive awareness programs. This is consistent with what Daniel et al. (2023) noted that beliefs and misinformation from society play a significant role in shaping the attitudes towards contraception, and this further indicates that interventions should include peer and family, and community networks to help mitigate negative societal cultural influences to help promote the informed decision-making among women of reproductive age.
The influence of the level of education and knowledge on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning
The analysis in table 4.3 shows that level of education and knowledge have a moderate effect on atttitude of pregnant women towards family planning and with mean scores ranging from 2.8 to 2.9 are slightly below the standard cutoff of 3.0 but above 2.5. Item 1, higher education increases acceptance, got a mean score of 2.9, item 2, knowledge about contraceptives improves attitude, got 2.8, item 3, awareness campaigns encourage usage, got 2.9, item 4, educated women discuss family planning with partners, got 2.8 and item 5, education influences understanding of side effects, got 2.9 and item 6, knowledge gaps decreases willingness, got 2.8. These results suggest that while education and knowledge have positive effects on the attitude, the impact is somewhat moderate and slightly low which suggests existence of gaps in the awareness and understanding of the respondents. Comparatively, in Simegn et al. (2024), the awareness of modern contraceptives was good (93%) for HIV positive women, however, only 30.2% of the women had knowledge of dual methods, illustrating that knowledge alone is not necessarily translated into fully positive attitudes and understanding. Similarly, Daniel et al. (2023) reported that despite some acquaintance with contraceptives, misinformation and fear of contraceptive side effects had a negative effect on attitudes among adolescent girls. The implication is that educational interventions must address not just the provision of information but also the gaps and wrong ideas and promoting discussions with their partners or healthcare providers. Structured awareness campaigns, counselling and community based education programs are thus needed to translate moderate knowledge into positive and informed attitudes towards family planning so that women can make autonomous and safe reproductive decisions.
The influence of personal factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning
Table 4.4 revealed that most of the personal factors have significant influence on pregnant women’s attitudes towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government as all the six items have a mean score of 3.0 at the cut-off point of 3.0. Item 1, age as a determinant of willingness to adopt family planning had a mean of 3.0; item 2, marital status as a determinant of decision-making, 3.0; item 3, number of existing children as a determinant of attitude, 3.0; item 4, personal health as a determinant of acceptance of contraceptives, 3.0; item 5, previous experiences as a determinant of attitudes, 3.0; and item 6, personal beliefs as a determinant of decision to adopt family planning, 3.0. These findings indicate that intrinsic factors [age, marital status, parity, health concerns, past experiences, and personal beliefs] together play a moderating role in the contraceptive decision-making process. Comparable, Claudia et al. (2022) showed that 52.3% of women had a favourable attitude towards FP, and socio-demographic and reproductive-health characteristics including age and prior knowledge were significantly associated with the outcome. Similarly, Tuamlong et al. examined the influence of age, education, urban residency, and previous reproductive experiences on positive attitudes among housemaids and found that positive attitudes were strongly predicted by these variables, while Daniel et al. examined the impact of fears of side effects and misinformation on attitudes of adolescent girls and found that positive attitudes were greatly influenced by the same. The implication of these findings is that individual characteristics and past experience have a direct impact on readiness to adopt FP measures and this suggests interventions that take individual differences into consideration, offer counselling on health and reproductive issues, and actively seek to address misconceptions and fears to increase informed decision making. These parameters are necessary to ensure the safe and autonomous choice making of women of reproductive age on family planning.
The influence of environmental and economic factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning
The results of Table 4.5, reveals that environmental and economic factors have moderate effects on the attitudes of pregnant women to family planning, and the mean scores are from 2.9 to 3.0 in six items. Specifically, item 1, household income – has an impact on access to FP, with a mean of 3.0; item 2, availability of health facilities – has an impact on use, 3.0; item 3, distance to health centers – has an impact on attitude, 2.9; item 4, cost of FP affects adoption, 2.9; item 5, local community support – has an impact on willingness, 3.0; and item 6, environmental conditions (urban vs rural) – has an impact on access, 2.9. These findings support an overall argument that economic capability, access to services and environmental factors together exert an influence on women’s attitudes and use of FP services. As opposed to this, Claudia et al. (2022) found out that urban residences, higher household income, and media exposure were positive predictors of good knowledge and favourable attitudes, while rural settings and large family size were negatively associated with favourable attitudes. Similarly, Tuamlong et al. (2023) demonstrated that women had better exposure to information and educational programs and had an urban residence had higher utilization and positive attitudes towards modern contraceptives. The implication of these findings is that pregnant women may be influenced by a lack of economic resources, infrastructural accessibility, and/or community support, which may limit women’s willingness or ability to adopt family planning methods. This therefore, highlights the need for targeted interventions such as subsidized contraceptives, improved healthcare facility distribution, community sensitization and supportive environmental policies to ensure equitable access and encourage positive attitudes towards family planning amongst women in Ilejemeje Local Government.
5.2 Implication of the Findings
The results of this study revealed that socio-cultural, personal, educational, environmental, and economic factors have a significant impact on the pregnant women’s attitude towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government, Ekiti State. This puts forward the idea that family planning-related policies and interventions should embrace culturally sensitive approaches, education, and accessible services. Health practitioners and policymakers can use these insights to develop programs to address knowledge gaps, encourage a positive attitude, and minimize barriers related to tradition, religion, and socio-economic status. The study highlights the need for holistic strategies to help increase the uptake of family planning services and the improvement of maternal and child health outcomes in the community.
5.3 Limitations of the Study
The study had the following limitations. First, the use of self-reported questionnaires could have biased results as the respondents may have given socially desirable responses. Second, due to time and financial constraints, only Ilejemeje Local Government emerged as the local government area that this paper focused on, which may pose challenges for generalization. Third, a number of respondents were reluctant to provide personal and family planning-related information because of culture and religion. In addition, some rural communities were not easily accessible for data collection. Despite these limitations, the study was able to capture the important factors affecting attitudes of pregnant women on FP in the area.
5.4 Summary
This study assessed the factors influencing the attitudes of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of socio-cultural elements on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning, evaluate the influence of the level of education and knowledge on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning, evaluate the influence of personal factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning, and to evaluate the influence of environmental and economic factors on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government Ekiti State.
The descriptive research design was adoped to provide in-depth information about perceptions and behaviors of the respondents. The study population were 1,145 pregnant women out of whom a sample size of 296 was computed using the Yamane Taro formula. Multi-stage sampling with stratified and convenience sampling was used to ensure correct sampling of respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaires that included demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes towards family planning. Descriptive analysis was performed and the responses to the six item statements in each research question were summarized on the basis of the mean and standard deviation. The results showed that cultural factors such as cultural beliefs, familial pressure, religious ideologies, peer influence, and traditional norms had significant influences on the attitude of pregnant women towards family planning since most of the items had mean scores above the cut score of 3.0. The education and knowledge levels had a moderate influence but slightly below the 3.0 level with an average score just below the threshold that points out the knowledge gaps and the need for a more effective awareness campaign. Personal factors like age, marital status, number of children, health issues, previous experience and personal beliefs were also found to be neutral to positive with a mean score of 3 for attitudes at cutoff. Other environmental and economic factors such as household income, access to health facilities, distance to centres, cost of contraceptives, community support and rural versus urban household situation had similar effects on attitudes, with most items falling above or slightly below the cut-off mean. Overall, the study shows that a complex of socio-cultural, individual, educational, environmental and economic factors have a cumulative effect on pregnant women’s attitudes towards FP in Ilejemeje L.G. stressing the importance of multivariate interventions that are culturally sensitive, educationally empowering, and economically viable.
5.5 Conclusion
The study concludes that the attitudes of pregnant women of family planning in Ilejemeje Local Government are determined by socio-cultural norms, personal circumstances, education and knowledge levels, and environmental and economic factors. Effective interventions must take a holistic approach and address these factors to enhance the acceptance and utilisation of family planning services in order to promote the health of mothers and children.
5.6 Recommendations
- The government and health agencies should carry out culturally sensitive awareness campaigns to overcome socio-cultural barriers and religious misconceptions that constrain the adoption of family planning.
- Healthcare providers should organize continuous education programs directed at pregnant women with the aim of improving their knowledge, dispelling misconceptions and improving the positive attitudes towards family planning.
- Policy makers need to increase access to affordable family planning services, and make sure that supply of contraceptives is available in rural and urban health facilities.
- Additionally, communities and local authorities should actively promote family planning programs by promoting open communication and reducing societal pressure against the use of contraceptives.
5.7 Suggestions for Further Studies
Future studies should examine the effects of family planning education programme behaviorally among pregnant women, long-term usage of contraceptives, effect of male partner involvement in family planning and the role of digital and social media platforms in family planning awareness in local government areas of Nigeria.


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