Evaluation Of Post Covid-19 Pandemic And The Need For Effective Occupational Safety And Health System
Evaluation Of Post Covid-19 Pandemic And The Need For Effective Occupational Safety And Health System
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the post covid-19 pandemic and the need for effective occupational safety and health system using polystyrene industry, Lagos State as a case study. The study was carried out to identify OSH measures taken to prevent and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 at the workplace level in organizations, examine the drivers and constraints for the development and implementation of OSH measures to prevention of the spread of post COVID-19 at the workplace, examine whether the adoption OSH measures was perceived to have had any effects on the safety and health of workers, business continuity, and productivity, investigate the level to which workers complied with OSH during the post Covid-19 pandemic. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of staff of polystyrene industry, Lagos State. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 147 respondents and 141 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables, and mean scores. While the hypotheses were tested using Pearson Correlation statistical tool, SPSS v23.The result of the findings reveals the OSH measures taken to prevent and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 at the workplace level in organizations includes: appropriate ventilation in workplace, avoidance of face-to-face work situation, use of face-mask, handwashing with soap or hand sanitizers, workplace inspections to ensure compliance. The study also revealed that the level to which workers complied with OSH during the post Covid-19 pandemic is high. Therefore, it is recommended that the industrial sectors should continue to adhere and comply strictly to the covid-19 safety measures laid down by the government to ensure the safety of the staff and customers of the industry. Also, government should establish standby security and taskforce teams to enforce adherence to the COVID-19 pandemic preventive measures among industrial sectors in the country. To mention but a few.
Table of Content
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypothesis
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Limitation of the Study
- 1.9 Definition of Terms
- 1.10 Organization of the Study
Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample Size Determination
- 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
- 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Validity of the Study
- 3.9 Reliability of the Study
- 3.10 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.1 Data Presentation
- 4.2 Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Answering Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendation
- References
- APPENDIX
- QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – Corona Virus strain 2). Ever since the declaration of COVID-19 as global pandemic on March 12, [1] 2020, countries globally have resorted to multiple preventive measures to mitigate the transmission of this highly contagious SARS-CoV-2. Lockdown is one such major measure adopted to minimize the inter-human social / physical contact in addition to buy time for better management of the illness (develop vaccines, identify [2] effective molecules to treat COVID-19). This has minimized travel, trade, production, tourism, food supplies, and [2] financial markets. The lockdown in addition to reducing COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand is perhaps an interim resort to slow transmission of COVID-19, and [3] conceive definite plans to control the contagion. Reopening the lockdown could be a potential threat for resurgence of the epidemic, particularly at the workplace. Hence, it is essential to strictly consider the occupational safety measures to prevent COVID-19 outbreak / transmission at workplaces. The occupational safety and health practices should be customized to prevent / reduce the transmission / outbreaks (of COVID-19) at the workplaces. The employer should seriously consider the specific exposure risks, sources of exposure, routes of transmission, and other unique characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, while adopting the preventive measures. Precarious resumption of work without appropriate planning and measures can result in a cascade of [2],[4] failures / catastrophe. Hence the employer should attempt to address the challenges of COVID-19 with sufficient resources and trained workers to optimally perform during this pandemic situation. The current study emphasizes the need for effective occupational safety and health system during the post covid-19 pandemic, based on current understanding of COVID-19 transmission and conventional infection preventive industrial hygiene practices.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Coronavirus epidemic disease (“Coronavirus”) had a wide impact on the world in a short time. It was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 2020 (Lubna, et al. 2020). In Nigeria, the effects of the virus was minimized through measures such as school closures, travel prohibitions, quarantines, home-office practices and curfew for citizens. Since preventive measures should also be taken in workplaces to limit the spread of the Coronavirus and to combat the epidemic, working activities needed to either completely stopped or restricted by many employers, or the method of working remotely(Burrell et al. 2020). Those measures was however applied by the employers of labour in the private and public sector. Although it is possible to work remotely with technological infrastructure, occupational health and safety measures needed to be taken by employers in workplaces where the remote working model cannot be applied due to the nature of the job. In addition, with the lifting of the covid-19 prevention restrictions such as the lockdown measures, it is still vital for organizations to ensure compliance with occupation safety measures in their operations(Sattar et al. 2020). However most organizational task are complex in nature, thus can not be performed while observing occupational safety measures againstcovid-19 virus such as social distancing, constant washing of hands and regular cleaning of surfaces frequently in contact with. Notwithstanding, it is paramount to ascertain the need for effective occupational safety and health system during the post covid-19 pandemic.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general aim of this study is focus on evaluating the post covid-19 pandemic and the need for effective occupational safety and health system.
Specifically, this study will;
- Identify OSH measures taken to prevent and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 at the workplace level in organizations.
- Examine the drivers and constraints for the development and implementation of OSH measures to prevention of the spread of post COVID-19 at the workplace.
- Examine whether the adoption OSH measures was perceived to have had any effects on the safety and health of workers, business continuity, and productivity.
- Investigate the level to which workers complied with OSH during the post Covid-19 pandemic.
1.4 Research Questions
The study will be guided by the following questions;
- What are the OSH measures taken to prevent and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 at the workplace level in organizations?
- Appropriate ventilation in workplace,
- Avoidance of face-to-face work situation
- Use of face-mask
- Handwashing with soap or hand sanitizers
- Workplace inspections to ensure compliance
- What are the drivers and constraints for the development and implementation of OSH measures to prevention of the spread of post COVID-19 at the workplace?
- Ensuring physical distancing during lunch and break times
- Ensuring physical distancing in factories
- Providing the right number and type of handwashing stations
- Ensuring physical distancing on transport vehicles
- Was the adoption OSH measures perceived to have had any effects on the safety and health of workers, business continuity, and productivity?
- What was the level to which workers complied with OSH during the post Covid-19 pandemic?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
Ho: The adoption of OSH measures was not perceived to have had any effects on the safety and health of workers, business continuity, and productivity.
Ha: The adoption of OSH measures was perceived to have had any effects on the safety and health of workers, business continuity, and productivity.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is geared towards finding out if industrial worker comply with Covid-19 rules or prevention measures and to ascertain the level at which they correspond to these safety measure, more so this study shall outline factors influencing workers adherence to the Covid-19 rules. Hence these findings will be useful to the Government as it exposes the situation of compliance to Covid-19 rules, so as to aid them to ascertain the best ways to ensure better compliance by workers to Covid-19 rules. This study will further serve as a benchmark for academic purposes.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study is structured to generally examine the post covid-19 pandemic and the need for effective occupational safety and health system.. This study will be delimited the OSH measures taken to prevent and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 at the workplace level in organizations; the drivers and constraints for the development and implementation of OSH measures to prevention of the spread of post COVID-19 at the workplace; the adoption OSH measures was perceived to have had any effects on the safety and health of workers, business continuity, and productivity; and the level to which workers complied with OSH during the post Covid-19 pandemic.
The respondents for this study will be obtained from polystyrene industry, Lagos State.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
Like in every human endeavour, the researcher encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. Insufficient funds tend to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection, which is why the researcher resorted to a limited choice of sample size. More so, the researcher simultaneously engaged in this study with other academic work. As a result, the amount of time spent on research will be reduced.
Moreover, the case study method utilized in the study posed some challenges to the investigator including the possibility of biases and poor judgment of issues. However, the investigator relied on respect for the general principles of procedures, justice, fairness, objectivity in observation and recording, and weighing of evidence to overcome the challenges.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Covid 19:
This is also known as coronavirus and it is a communicable respiratory disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus that causes illness in humans.
Compliance:
The act of obeying and observing that which is lawful and legal agents of covid19 sensitization in rural communities.
1.10 Organization of the Study
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows.
- Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study.
- Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature.
- Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study.
- Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.
- Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings on evaluating the post covid-19 pandemic and the need for effective occupational safety and health system using polystyrene industry, Lagos State as a case study.The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.
5.2 Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was on evaluating the post covid-19 pandemic and the need for effective occupational safety and health system using polystyrene industry, Lagos State as a case study. The study specifically was aimed at to identify OSH measures taken to prevent and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 at the workplace level in organizations, examine the drivers and constraints for the development and implementation of OSH measures to prevention of the spread of post COVID-19 at the workplace, examine whether the adoption OSH measures was perceived to have had any effects on the safety and health of workers, business continuity, and productivity, investigate the level to which workers complied with OSH during the post Covid-19 pandemic.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 141 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents arestaff of polystyrene industry, Lagos State.
5.3 Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher made the following conclusion.
- The OSH measures taken to prevent and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 at the workplace level in organizations includes: appropriate ventilation in workplace, avoidance of face-to-face work situation, use of face-mask, handwashing with soap or hand sanitizers, workplace inspections to ensure compliance.
- The drivers and constraints for the development and implementation of OSH measures to prevention of the spread of post COVID-19 at the workplace includes: ensuring physical distancing during lunch and break times, ensuring physical distancing in factories, providing the right number and type of handwashing stations, ensuring physical distancing on transport vehicles.
- The adoption OSH measures perceived to have had any effects on the safety and health of workers, business continuity, and productivity.
- The level to which workers complied with OSH during the post Covid-19 pandemic is high.
5.4 Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.
- Occupational safety and preventive health strategies should be strictly adhered at workplaces to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks.
- The industrial sectors should continue to adhere and comply strictly to the covid-19 safety measures laid down by the government to ensure the safety of the staff and customers of the industry. Also, government should establish standby security and taskforce teams to enforce adherence to the COVID-19 pandemic preventive measures among industrial sectors in the country.
- Crisis intervention plans should be kept up-to-date and embrace the importance of mental health issues related to the crisis. These plans should point to human, financial and material resources needed not only to manage the crisis but also to assist in strengthening resilience and continuity as the crisis subsides.
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