Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Blended – Granite – Gravel Concrete

Project and Seminar Material for Civil and Environmental Engineering

Abstract

Utilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in concrete mix is a major way of turning waste to wealth. Gravel as an aggregate is cheaper than granite. Thus, obtaining an optimum combination of these materials in achieving a maximum compressive strength in concrete will go a long way in helping the construction industry.The study was carried out to establish an optimum replacement ratio for Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel of concrete. Uniform water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5 and mixes ratio of 1:2:4 was utilized. Thirteen runs of experiments plus control were designed using the Central Composite Response Surface method (Design Expert). Based on the analysis, the increase in granite volume led to increase in compressive strength. However, increase in POFA percentage led to decrease in compressive strength at 7, 28, 56 and 90 days curing ages. The study also observed highest compressive strength at 25% POFA replacement and lowest at 35% replacement. Also, for granite, highest and lowest compressive strength were achieved at 100% and 0% replacement respectively. However, for slump height, the higher the percentage of granite or POFA in concrete, the higher the slump height. The optimization analysis showed that, at 29.69% POFA and 98.75% Granite, compressive strength of 24.29 N/mm2 and slump height of 89.36mm were achieved. The optimum strength found is slightly higher than the maximum strength achieved (24.27N/mm2) at 90 days and also, slightly lower than the control (25.33 N/mm2).

Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
List of Tables
List of Figures
Abstract

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Scope
1.4 Justification
1.5 Statement of Problem
1.6 Aim
1.7 Objectives

Chapter Two

Literature Review

2.1 Properties of concrete with POFA
2.1.1 Physical properties
2.1.2 Chemical Properties of POFA
2.1.3 Mechanical properties of POFA
2.2 Compressive Strength of Concrete with Replaced POFA
2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) of Concrete with Replaced POFA
2.4 Workability of Concrete with Replaced POFA
2.5 Porosity of Concrete with Replaced POFA
2.6 Permeability of Concrete with Replaced POFA
2.7 Properties of Cement
2.7.1 Physical properties of Cement
2.7.2 Mechanical properties of Cement
2.7.3 Chemical Properties of Cement
2.7.4 Cement hydration

Chapter Three

Materials Used and Methodology

3.0 Study Area
3.1. Materials
3.1.1 Cement
3.1.2 Aggregate
3.1.3 Granite
3.1.4 Gravel
3.1.5 Water
3.1.6 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1. Sieve Analysis Procedure
3.2.2 Specific Gravity of Ordinary Portland Cement Determination
3.2.2.1 Experimental Procedure
3.3: Concrete Mix Design
3.4 Fresh Concrete Workability
3.5 Density
3.6 Determination of Compressive Strength

Chapter Four

Results and Discussions

4.1 Oxides Composition of POFA
4.2 Grain size distributions from sieve analysis
4.3 Compressive Strength Test Results
4.4 Optimum Mix Ratio Determination

Chapter Five

Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
References

List of Tables

Table 2. 1: Chemical composition range of OPC and POFA
Table 2. 2: Chemical composition analysis in POFA
Table 2. 3: Compressive strength of concrete with various percentages of POFA
Table 2. 4: Tensile strength of concrete by the addition of various % of POFA
Table 3. 1: Concrete mix design based on design expert
Table 4. 1: Oxides composition of POFA
Table 4. 2: Fine sand grain size distributions from sieve analysis
Table 4. 3: Granite size distributions from sieve analysis
Table 4. 4: specific gravity of cement and POFA
Table 4. 5: Compressive strength at 7 days of curing age
Table 4. 6: Compressive strength for 28 days curing age
Table 4. 7: Compressive strength for 56 days curing age
Table 4. 8: Compressive strength for 90 days curing age
Table 4. 9s ummary of compressive strength (n/mm2) at different POFAmix ratio
Table 4. 10: Regression analysis for 7 days age concrete
Table 4. 11: Regression analysis for 28 days age concrete
Table 4. 12: Regression analysis for 56 days age concrete
Table 4. 13: Regression analysis for 90 days age concrete
Table 4. 14: Analysis of variance for compressive strength

List of Figures

Figure 2. 1: Strength versus UPV
Figure 2. 2: Compressive strength versus POFA replacement percentage
Figure 2. 3: Strength activity index of POFA mortar
Figure 2. 4: Relationship between UPV and replacement percentage
Figure 2. 5: Slump flow against POFA percentage
Figure 2. 6: Relationship between porosity and POFA content
Figure 2. 7: Relationship between strength and porosity of 80% content of POFA mortar
Figure 2. 8: relationship between permeability and replacement level of POFA
Figure 3. 1: Map of Maiduguri town showing Ramat Polytechnic
Figure 3. 2: Granite
Figure 3. 3 Palm oil kernel and ash
Figure 3. 4: sieve arrangement
Figure 3. 5: POFA replacement percentage (25% – 35%)
Figure 3. 6: Granite replacement percentage (0% – 100%)
Figure 3. 7: Cubes cast and curing
Figure 3. 8: Compressive strength test
Figure 4. 1: Graph for grain size distribution for fine sand
Figure 4. 2: Graph for grain size distribution for granite
Figure 4. 3: Compressive strength vs granite and POFA at 7 days curing age
Figure 4. 4: Slump height vs granite and POFA at 7 days curing age
Figure 4. 5: Predicted and actual compressive strength at 7 days curing age
Figure 4. 6: Predicted and actual slump height at 7 days curing age
Figure 4. 7: Compressive strength vs granite and POFA at 28 days curing age
Figure 4. 8: Sump height vs granite and POFA at 28 days curing age
Figure 4. 9: Predicted and actual compressive strength at 28 days curing age
Figure 4. 10: Predicted and actual slump height at 28 days curing age
Figure 4. 11: Compressive strength vs granite and POFA at 56 days curing age
Figure 4. 12: Slump height vs granite and POFA at 56 days curing age
Figure 4. 13: Compressive strength vs granite and POFA at 90 days curing age
Figure 4. 14: Slump height vs granite and POFA at 90 days curing age
Figure 4. 15: Predicted and actual compressive strength at 28 days curing age
Figure 4. 16: Predicted and actual slump height at 28 days curing age

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

Concrete is regarded as the primary and widely used construction ingredient around the world in which cement is the key material. However, large scale cement production contributes greenhouse gases both directly through the production of CO2 during manufacturing and also through the consumption of energy (combustion of fossil fuels). Moved by the economic and ecological concerns of cement, researchers have focused on finding a substitution of cement over the last several years. In order to address both the concerns simultaneously many attempts have been made in the past to use materials available as by product or waste. This is due to the fact that the use of by product not only eliminates the additional production cost, but also results in safety to the environment. Hence, the development and use of blended cement is growing rapidly in the construction industry mainly due to considerations of cost saving, energy saving, environmental protection and conservation of resources.

A number of investigations have been carried out with Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an agro-waste ash, as potential replacement of cement in concrete. Sata et al. (2004) found compressive strength of 81.3, 85.9, and 79.8 MPa at the age of 28 days by using improved POFA with a reduced particle size of about 10 microns in concrete as replacement of 10%, 20% and 30% of cement respectively. They also reported highest strength at 20% replacement level. Tangchirapat [2009] observed the compressive strengths of ground POFA concrete in the range of 59.5–64.3 MPa at 28 days of water curing and with 20% replacement it was as high as 70 MPa at the end of 90 days of water curing. However, the drying shrinkage and water permeability were noted to be lower than that of control concrete with improved sulphate resistance. Past researchers also depict that both ground and un-ground POFA increase the water demand and thus decrease the workability of concrete. However, ground POFA has shown a good potential for improving the hardened properties and durability of concrete due to its satisfactory micro-filling ability and pozzolanic activity. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is known as the by-product form from the incinerationof the palm oil fibers, shells, and empty fruit bunches in the biomass thermal power plant to generate energy. However, it was found that 5 % of the residue was then produced as the result of combustion and the wastes are then managed by disposing as landfill materials which lead to environmental hazards eventually. As stated by Aprianti et al. (2015), POFA is tagged as the environmental disruption pollutant which ends up in the atmosphere without being utilized in 20th and 21stcentury, if compared to other types of palm oil by-products.

Over the past several decades, attempt has been made to use several waste and by product material produced by the industries as potential partial replacement of cement in concrete. Investigations have been carried out through replacing part cement with industrial and other wastes such as Silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, bagasse ash, rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, Paper mill ash, Wheat straw ash, Wallostonite, Metakaolin and many more (Karim et al., 2014). The use of these materials in concrete has significant benefits from environmental and economic stand point in comparison to traditional cement. In order to promote the utilization of POFA, many researchers established the researches regarding the POFA as the Supplementary Cementitious (SCM) in either concrete or mortar. The properties and performances of the finished products were examined and the researchers commented that the utilization of the POFA as a supplementary materials of cement is suitable. This is because the ash can increase the engineering and durability properties of either concrete or mortar. Karim et al., (2011) discovered that concrete produced using a particular level of POFA replacement achieved same or more strength as compared to OPC concrete. No significant strength reduction of concrete was observed up to about 30% replacement of POFA. Safiuddin et al., (2012) observed that the use of POFA is limited to a partial replacement, ranging from 0-30% by weight of the total cementitious material in the production of concrete. Indeed, the partial replacement has a beneficial effect on the general properties of concrete as well as cost. Sata et al., (2010) investigated that the strength development of POFA concretes with w/c ratios of 0.50, 0.55, and 0.60 tended to be in the same direction. At early ages, concretes containing POFA as a cement replacement of 10, 20, and 30% had lower strength development than control concretes while at later age 28 days, the replacement at rates of 10 and 20% yielded higher strength development. Mohammed Hussin and Awal., (2009) studied concrete replaced with POFA with a water to binder ratio of 0.45, were seen to develop strength exceeding the design strength of almost 60MPa at 28-day. Hussin et al., (2009) discovered that inclusion of 20% POFA would produce concrete having highest strength as compared to any other replacement level. Ahmad et al., (2008) studied that one of the potential recycles material from palm oil industry is palm oil fuel ash which contains siliceous compositions and reacted as pozzolans to produce a stronger and denser concrete. Pozzolanic material has little or no cementing properties. However, when it has a fine particle size, in the presence of moisture it can react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to provide the cementing property. Ahmad et al., (2008) reported that the chemical composition of POFA contains a large amount of silica and has high potential to be used as a cement replacement. Hussin et al., (2009) have found that POFA can be used in the construction industry, specifically as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. Hussin et al., (2009) studied the compressive strength of concrete containing POFA. The results revealed that it was possible to replace at a level of 40% POFA without affecting compressive strength. The maximum compressive strength gain occurred at a replacement level of 30% by weight of binder. Karim et al., (2011) investigated that replacing 10–50% ash by weight of cementitious material in blended cement had no significant effect on segregation, shrinkage, water absorption, density, or soundness of concrete.

1.2 Scope

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete i.e. concrete with 100% OPC and ordinary gravel as control, and concrete with 25% – 35% POFA replacement and granite-gravel of 0% – 100% replacement having uniform water/binder (w/b) ratios of 0.5 and mixes ratio of 1:2:4 were used. Curing ages of 7 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days were considered.

1.4 Justification

1.5 Statement of Problem

Large scale cement production contributes to greenhouse gases both directly through the production of CO2 during manufacturing and also through the consumption of energy. Therefore, this study examines the suitability of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) replacement with cement as Supplementary Cementing Materials. One of the potential recycle materials from palm oil industry is palm oil fuel ash which contains siliceous compositions and reacted as pozzolans to produce a stronger and denser concrete

1.6 Aim

To determine the mechanical properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA). To address the aim, the following objectives were identified:

1.7 Objectives

To determine concrete compressive strength of granite-gravel concrete at varying replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) at different curing ages.
To establish an optimum replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in granite-gravel blended.

Chapter Five

Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion

The study determined the compressive strength of granite-gravel concrete at varying replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) at different curing ages. Also, established an optimum replacement of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel.

Therefore, the following conclusions were drawn:

The increase in granite volume led to increase in compressive strength. However, increase in POFA percentage led to decrease in compressive strength at all the curing ages. The study also observed highest compressive strength at 25% POFA replacement and lowest at 35% replacement. Also, for granite highest and lowest compressive strength were achieved at 100% and 0% replacement respectively. However, for slump height, the higher the percentage of granite or POFA in concrete, the higher the slump height using 1:2:4 mix ratio.
The optimization analysis showed that, at 29.69% POFA and 98.75% Granite, compressive strength of 24.29 N/mm2 and slump height of 89.36mm were achieved. The optimum strength found is slightly higher than the maximum strength achieved (24.27N/mm2) at 90 days and also, slightly lower than the control (25.33 N/mm2). In addition, the predicted and actual values for both compressive strength and the slump height showed a linearity indicating model validity.

5.2 Recommendation

The study recommend further studies on use of other types of cement other than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

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Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Blended – Granite – Gravel Concrete

Abstract

Table of Contents

Chapter One

Introduction

Chapter Two

Literature Review

Chapter Three

Materials Used and Methodology

Chapter Four

Results and Discussions

Chapter Five

Conclusion and Recommendations

List of Tables

List of Figures

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Scope

1.4 Justification

1.5 Statement of Problem

1.6 Aim

1.7 Objectives

Chapter Five

Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendation

How To Get The Complete Material For “Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Blended – Granite – Gravel Concrete“