Evaluating The Impact Of Radio In The Campaign Against Abuse And Defilement Of Minors In Kwara State

Evaluating The Impact Of Radio In The Campaign Against Abuse And Defilement Of Minors In Kwara State (Charles)

Abstract

This study was carried out toevaluate the impact of radio in the campaign against abuse and defilement of minors in kwara state. The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State, find out the forms of child abuse in Kwara State, ascertain the possible ways radio has contributed to the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State and ascertain the effectiveness of radio in the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprised of radio listeners residents in Kwara State.In determining the sample size, the researcher purposefully selected 160 respondents and 141 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables, and mean scores. While the hypotheses was tested Chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that the prevalence of child abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State is high. Furthermore, the study revealed that the forms of child abuse prevalent in Kwara State includes: Sexual Abuse, Physical Abuse/Neglect, Child Labour, Early Marriages and Child defilement. Therefore, it is recommended that to ensure the effectiveness of radio in the campaign against child abuse adequate attention should be giving in the reportage of sensitive issues like child abuse. To mention but a few.

Table of Content

• Title Page
• Certification
• Dedication
• Acknowledgement
• Table of Content
• List of Tables
• Abstract

Chapter One:

Introduction

• 1.1 Background of the Study
• 1.2 Statement of the Problem
• 1.3 Objective of the Study
• 1.4 Research Questions
• 1.5 Research Hypothesis
• 1.6 Significance of the Study
• 1.7 Scope of the Study
• 1.8 Limitation of the Study
• 1.9 Definition of Terms
• 1.10 Organisations of the Study

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

• 2.1 Conceptual Framework
• 2.2 Theoretical Framework
• 2.3 Empirical Review

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

• 3.1 Research Design
• 3.2 Population of the Study
• 3.3 Sample Size Determination
• 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
• 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
• 3.6 Method of Data Collection
• 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
• 3.8 Validity of the Study
• 3.9 Reliability of the Study
• 3.10 Ethical Consideration

Chapter Four:

Data Presentation and Analysis

• 4.1 Data Presentation
• 4.2 Analysis of Data
• 4.3 Answering Research Questions
• 4.4 Test of Hypotheses

Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

• 5.1 Summary
• 5.2 Conclusion
• 5.3 Recommendation
• References
• APPENDIX
• QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Nwokedi (2016) observed that, “child abuse and neglect are an integral part of the modern world including African society and Nigeria in particular. Corporal punishment is widely given as a result of disobedience in any child. These include caning and in some communities in Nigeria, painful punishment such as rubbing pepper into the genital region is practiced”. According to Akinyemi (2013) child abuseis any act of misuse of a child in any form, it is situation where a child is not being provided the much needed necessities of life, where a child is maltreated physically, sexually or emotionally, it also includes child defilement, and this is detrimental to the future growth and development of such a child.

The scourge of child defilement has gained public attention in recent decades and has generated a great deal of researches globally; Markedly because child defilement is one of the most traumatizing forms of abuse against children, usually committed by persons well known to the child or in position of power.Child defilement usually involves coercion of the unsuspecting children through tricks or bribery, with acts ranging from varying physical intrusiveness like unwanted fondling of a child’s genitals, masturbation, oral/anal genital contact and penetration(Omorogiuwa, 2018; Akpoghom & Nwano, 2016). This implies that any contact or penetration of the child vagina or anus with any object no matter how slightly it might be without any valid medical purpose amounts to defilement.

Consequently, the effects of child abuse may be anxiety, agitation, guilt feelings, neurotic disorders and the society is also affected by this menace, because most of these young derelicts graduate to become armed robbers and kidnappers of tomorrow. Most dare-devil criminals we have around us today were young delinquents of yesterday. It is a cycle, and will continue unbroken until government civil society groups, parents, school and religious institutions hold the bull by the horns to curb this untold act in our society (Akinyemi 2013). As theimpact of child abuse negatively affects the child, so does it also negatively affect nation-building.

It is believed that the mass media have always been the major channel through which these programmes are made popular to the people in the country. The mass media, no doubt, is potent in the spread of innovations and mobilization of the people for a particular course, of nation benefit. It means that the media can be a potent tool in the mobilization and education of the people, on the need to participate in the actualization of the campaign against child abuse and defilement(Anorue, Obayi & Onyebuchi, 2011).

The radio is particularly popular in most rural areas that constitute about 65 percent of the country. Radio is arguably the most popular medium of mass communication because of its unique characteristics. Not only that is cheap to acquire and simple to operate, its beauty mostly lies in its ability to penetrate remote, inaccessible areas and to transcend linguistic and literacy barriers. This may explain why most people: traders, civil servants, farmers as well as the nomadic Fulani herdsmen have a radio set within reach in their homes and places of work. With their radio sets, they can access information on different subject matters within their immediate and distant environments. The miniaturized radio sets with multiple band receivers are at the beck and call of most information-hungry people of the world today (Ekwueme, 2012).

In line with the above functions, the broadcast media carry news stories, documentaries, drama programmes, carry out investigative reports and as well launch sporadic mass media education and prevention campaigns against child abuse in Nigeria.

For instance, Darling 107.3 FM, Owerri, has a programme titled “The Consequence”. The programme is anchored by Paul Emoghene (a.k.a, Paul the Magician), time 9am10am, every Friday. It is through this programme that Child Protection Network carry out their campaign against child abuse. The aim of this programme is to ensure that children are free from all forms of child abuse.This campaign usually endeavors to broaden the masses‟ knowledge of child‟s rights and child‟s neglect, in order to influence their attitudes towards children, and to change behaviours that contribute to, or precipitate, the problems of child abuse and neglect.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The phenomenon of child abuse crime as well as child defilement constitutes one of the most seriousproblems in Nigeria and the world at large. Among other forms of child-abuse, child defilement remains one of the heinous and abhorrent crimes in society. it is a debilitating experience for children who are victimized with negative social, psychological, educational and physical health outcomes that is not only having detrimental effects on the victim(s) but also in their families and the society they belong (Madu, Ndom, and Ramashia, 2010; Collin-Vezina, Daigneault, and Hebert 2013; WHO, 2014).

Despite the harsh sentences imposed on child defilers, more children are still being defiled; this invariably implies that the children are living in very difficult circumstances, as the environment in which the children are growing up in, is no longer safe, and this consequently impact negatively on their development. The other source of concern is that despite adequate sensitization campaigns conducted against child abuse and defilement, the existence of the relevant laws, expanding police force, growing judiciary, civil society advocacy on child rights, and parents plus local community authorities, all arrayed against child and defilement, appeared not to be yielding positive results as evidenced by the marked increase in the defilement of a child.

Indeed the problem of child abuse has been a major area of concern to the government of various countries all over the world because of the belief that it has great consequences on the society. As a result of this problem, a great number of media houses, scholars and individuals alike from all works of life have been engaged in the task of trying to explain and examine the issue of child abuse with particular reference to the causes and measures to take in eliminating the problem.

However, despite the various programs carried out in the different radios aim at sensitizing the public about children’s rights in Nigeria, various forms of child abuses both physical, psychological, emotional and social abuse still exists in Kwara State.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The overall aim of this study is to critically examine the impact of radio in the campaign against abuse and defilement of Minors In Kwara State. Hence, the study will be channeled to the following specific objectives;

1. Determine the prevalence of child abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State.
2. Find out the forms of child abuse in Kwara State.
3. Ascertain the possible ways radio has contributed to the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State.
4. Ascertain the effectiveness of radio in the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State.

1.4 Research Question

The study will be guided by the following questions;

1. What is the prevalence of child abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State?
2. What are the forms of child abuse prevalent in Kwara State?
3. What are the possible ways the radio has contributed to the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State?
4. How effective is the radio in the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

• Ho: The radio is not effective in the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State.
• Ha: The radio is effective in the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State.

1.6 Significance of the Study

Child sexual abuse and defilement is an urgent human rights and development issue. It is more complex than a single act of wrongdoing; it both reflects and has implications for the social, economic and organizational conditions in societies. For the child, it is an extreme and threatening violation of right. Therefore, this research is important because communication plays a key role in the dissemination of messages aimed at changing people’s perception in order to fight child sexual abuse and defilement. Communication strategies that are both appropriate and effective assist in addressing different problems. The study has contributed a wealth of information that can be used by all stakeholders involved in the fight against Child Sexual Abuse and hence protecting the children against this heinous act. The information from this study can be used to developeducational strategies and modify existing messages and how they are communicated so as to fight child sexual abuse. The findings will provide helpful background information for designing and targeting messages.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the impact of radio in the campaign against abuse and defilement of Minors. The study will assess the prevalence and forms of abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State. The study will further investigate the possible ways radio has contributed to the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State.
The respondents for this study will be obtained from and among radio listeners residents in Kwara State.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. However, the researcher were able to manage these just to ensure the success of this study.

Moreover, the case study method utilized in the study posed some challenges to the investigator including the possibility of biases and poor judgment of issues. However, the investigator relied on respect for the general principles of procedures, justice, fairness, objectivity in observation and recording, and weighing of evidence to overcome the challenges.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Child:

Child is defined as a dependent person in the custody of a parent or guardian for protection of his/her life.

Abuse:

Is any deliberate act by a person: group of person of society designed to inflict on a child or parent normal, mental physical, emotional and normal development.

Neglect:

This usually occurs when families fail on their own part to provide the necessary need fro their children such as food, medical care or being deprived of essential need of life or it is a situation were one show a sign of suffering or lack of care and attention.

Child Care:

This is care which is supposed to be given to children by those who are responsible for looking after them provide them with child care facilities.

Child Abuse:

Those are cruel treatment of children by adult involving violence or sexual activities which is capable of affecting physically, mentally and psychologically.

Defilement:

This refers to a form of sexual violation in which an adult or older adolescent engages in sexual activity with a minor. According to Daka (2005), defilement is the act of having unlawful sexual intercourse with any girl under the age of 16 years. It involves genital penetration and the genitals are injured or infected, or there are blood stains on clothing.

1.10 Organization of the Studies

The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the findings on evaluating the impact of radio in the campaign against abuse and defilement of minors in kwara state.The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.

5.2 Summary of the Study

In this study, our focus was to evaluate the impact of radio in the campaign against abuse and defilement of minors in kwara state. The study specifically was aimed to determine the prevalence of abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State, find out the forms of child abuse in Kwara State, ascertain the possible ways radio has contributed to the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State and ascertain the effectiveness of radio in the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State.

The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 141 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents areradio listeners residents in Kwara State.

5.3 Conclusions

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher made the following conclusion.

1. The prevalence of child abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State is high.
2. The forms of child abuse prevalent in Kwara State includes: Sexual Abuse, Physical Abuse/Neglect, Child Labour, Early Marriages and Child defilement.
3. The possible ways the radio has contributed to the fight against abuse and defilement of minors in Kwara State includes: Publicizing the child protection act, Sensitizing the masses about the need for children’s rights, Improve the masses awareness on the dangers of child abuse and Orienting the masses on the need to mobilize force to reduce child defilement in the society.
4. The radio in Kwara State is somewhat effective in the fight against abuse and defilement of minors.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.

1. There is need for the persistent use of radio to report issues of public importance like child abuse. This is because a good number of people listen to radio on daily basis.
2. To ensure the effectiveness of radio in the campaign against child abuse adequate attention should be giving in the reportage of sensitive issues like child abuse.
3. Parents should take as priority, the choice of giving their children sex education early enough in life and they be taught how to say no and report any kind of inappropriate touching of their body especially their private parts, this can be achieve when parents especially mothers develop a close relationship with their children.
4. Parents should mindful of who and how they entrust their wards in the care of adults, especially their female children, because when a child develops a total obedience and trust for a perpetrator, it becomes easier for the adult when led by the devil to defile the child.
5. In addressing the issues of conceal of child defilement cases, mandatory reporting law should be enacted to makes it an offence for any individual, especially victim’s family members who conceal cases of child defilement and fail to report it immediately to law enforcement agencies.

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