Effects Of Street Hawking Of A Girls Child Education

Project and Seminar Material for Sociology

Abstract

This study was carried out to examine the effects of street hawking of a girls child education in Misau Local Government Area Of Bauchi State. The study was specifically set to find out the causes of street hawking in Misau Local Government Area of Bauchi State, find out the attitude of parents towards street hawking in Misau Local Government Area of Bauchi state, and find out which ages among girls are more street hawking in Misau Local Government Area of Bauchi state. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of parents resident in Misau Local Government Area Of Bauchi State. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 200 respondents and 150 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables. While the hypotheses were tested using Chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that he causes of street hawking in Misau Local Government Area includes: illeratecy, war/death of parent, poverty, child trafficking, and poor family planning. Furthermore the study also revealed that from 10-15yrs of age, girls among this ages are more street hawking in Misau Local Government Area. Therefore the study recommends that there is a need for the government to continue enlightening and educating parents about the consequences of involving their children in street hawking and the value of education. This becomes required so that parents look for other ways to support their children rather than encouraging them to sell on the street. To mention but a few.

Table of Content

Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
List of Tables
Abstract

Chapter One:

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitation of the Study
1.9 Definition of Terms
1.10 Organisations of the Study

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Empirical Review

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population of the Study
3.3 Sample Size Determination
3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Validity of the Study
3.9 Reliability of the Study
3.10 Ethical Consideration

Chapter Four:

Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Analysis of Data
4.3 Answering Research Questions
4.4 Test of Hypotheses

Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

The problem of youngsters not being in school and roaming the streets in order to eke out a living is rising and has become a disturbing social issue globally (Le Roux, 2006; Le Roux & Smith, 2008). According to the United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2020), about one-fifth of African children aged 6 to 11 are not in school, and nearly 60% of youth aged 15 to 17 are not enrolled. The social isolation of street children is a global issue since they are disadvantaged members of society who labour, live, and survive on the streets (Crous & Bradshaw, 2017). According to UNICEF, 100 million children around the world are growing up on the streets. However, the severity of the problem varies across the globe (Adeyemi, 2012; Alaye, 2021). It is especially serious in developing countries, where the demands of these unhappy children’s socioeconomic programmes and social infrastructure are severely limited (Hassen & Maus, 2018). As a result, a complex web of conditions dramatically increases the danger of street harassment of youngsters (Shah et al., 2005). This phenomenon has gained such notoriety that it has drawn the attention of not just national and international organizations, but also governments (Panter-Brick, 2002).

Street hawking, or the act of selling retail goods directly on crowded city streets, is a widespread problem in developing countries. The problem is particularly acute in most African cities, towns, and district capitals. Street hawking is mostly caused by rural-urban migration, unemployment, poverty, and an increasing number of school dropouts. The phenomenon provides a source of revenue and an opportunity to supplement household income. Rural poor kids who migrate to cities and other emerging towns in quest of non-existent jobs sometimes fail to find the desired jobs due to a lack of education and employable skills. These young people eventually become street hawkers, hawking a variety of wares on major metropolitan streets (Asiedu, et al 2008).

Involving teenagers girls in hawking goods in the street, markets and Motor Park is not a new trend in Bauchi state. This trend is referred to as; child street trading (Ashimolowo, Aromolaran and Inegbedion, 2010), child street hawking (Mathias & Dada, 2013), Juvenile street hawking (Udoh and Joseph, 2012) and child street vendor (Ugochukwu, Okeke, Onubogu and Edokwe, 2012). This trend has led to an increase in the number of children who roam the street daily hawking goods while those of their age are in school (Ubah, 2014).
In Nigeria street hawking has tremendous effect on the education of the girl-child such as decrease in school attendance, grades, literacy, leisure time and overall wellbeing of the girl-child. In view of the aforementioned, this study seeks to examine the effects of street hawking of a girls child education in Misau Local Government Area Of Bauchi State.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Several reasons have been put forward as predisposing factors to teenage street hawking. These include poverty, high cost of living, lack of sponsorship, poor school performance, single parenthood, large family size, peer group pressure, poor home conditions, lack of parental care, parent’s unemployment and parental pressure. Appel (2009) identified structural inequalities as a problem of street hawking, while Nwabueze (2010) sees it as poverty and inequality.

The girl child education in Bauchi state came in to being when the federal government of Nigeria in collaboration with United Nation Children Education Fund (UNICEF) saw the need to minimize child abuse of hawking. Parents do not care much about educating their girl child, many of them believe that she will be some body’s property very soon, while others camouflage with religion. They do not realize that most religion encouraged women participation in education.

Furthermore, girl-child is usually saddled to domestic work and majority of them are withdrawn from schools to the labour market to fend for the whole family through hawking or petty trading. For this reason gender gap in education must be closed, especially by creating socio-economic and political conditions that will permit and encourage gild child to be in schools.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of this study is to examine the effects of street hawking of a girls child education in Misau Local Government Area Of Bauchi State, specifically the study intends to:

Find out the causes of street hawking in Misau Local Government Area of Bauchi State.
Find out the attitude of parents towards street hawking in Misau Local Government Area of Bauchi state.
Find out which ages among girls are more street hawking in Misau Local Government Area of Bauchi state.

1.4 Research Question

This study will answer the following research questions:

What are the causes of street hawking in Misau Local Government Area?
What are the parental attitudes towards street hawking?
Which ages among girls are more street hawking in Misau Local Government Area?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Ho: Street hawking does not have a negative impact on girl child education.
Ha: Street hawking have a negative impact on girl child education.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The findings of the study will be useful to academic writings and publishing of educational textbooks as to meet the need of various backgrounds to enhance academic performance among street hawking teenagers. The findings of the study will also enlighten parents on the impact of street hawking on the education of girl children. This will enable parents to stop involving their children (teenagers) in street hawking before or after school hours.

The study also contributes knowledge on existing literature related to conflicts in school contexts.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study borders on the effects of street hawking of a girls child education in Misau Local Government Area Of Bauchi State. The study will be carried out in Misau Local Government Area Of Bauchi State.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

The researcher encountered minor obstacles when conducting the study, as with any human endeavor. The significant constraint was the scarcity of literature on the subject due to the nature of the discourse, so the researcher incurred more financial expenses and spent more time sourcing for relevant materials, literature, or information and in the data collection process, which is why the researcher resorted to a limited choice of sample size. Furthermore, the researcher did this investigation alongside other academic activities. Furthermore, the sample size was limited because only a few respondents were chosen to answer the research instrument, therefore the results cannot be generalized to other secondary schools outside the state. Despite the constraints encountered during the research, all elements were minimized in order to provide the best results and make the research effective.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Education:

The all round training and development given to a person or a process by which any society passes on its culture (social, ethnic, intellectual e.t.c) to the young ones.

Hawking:

This is the act of parading along roads and streets with goods beckoning on buys to patronize.

1.10 Organization of the Studies

The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the findings on the effects of street hawking of a girls child education in Misau Local Government Area Of Bauchi State. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.

5.2 Summary of the Study

In this study, our focus was to examine the effects of street hawking of a girls child education in Misau Local Government Area Of Bauchi State. The study was specifically set to find out the causes of street hawking in Misau Local Government Area of Bauchi State, find out the attitude of parents towards street hawking in Misau Local Government Area of Bauchi state, and find out which ages among girls are more street hawking in Misau Local Government Area of Bauchi state.

The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 150 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are parents residents in Misau Local Government Area Of Bauchi State.

5.3 Conclusions

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher made the following conclusion.

The causes of street hawking in Misau Local Government Area includes: illeratecy, war/death of parent, poverty, child trafficking, and poor family planning.
The parents in Misau Local Government Area Of Bauchi State perceived girl child street hawking as a means of making the girl child resourceful, as a major source of family income, as a medium for training a girl child to work-hard, and as a proper way of promoting girl child development. This showed that the parents have negative attitudes towards girl child street hawking, this is because street hawking does more harm than good as it restrict girl child assess to education.
From 10-15yrs of age, girls among this ages are more street hawking in Misau Local Government Area.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.

There is a need for the government to continue enlightening and educating parents about the consequences of involving their children in street hawking and the value of education. This becomes required so that parents look for other ways to support their children rather than encouraging them to sell on the street.
More importantly, there should be a vigorously coordinated campaign by all the Stakeholders to draw the attention of our rural youth to the importance of formal education and the need to focus on their education. These would not completely eliminate the phenomenon of street hawking, particularly among girls; however, they will ensure that the majority of youth, particularly young girls, stay off the streets and instead focus on their education to secure a secure future for themselves while also meaningfully contributing to national development.
Furthermore, the government should pass legislation prohibiting the involvement of schoolchildren in hawking and punish parents, guardians, and caregivers who do so. This means that the concept of free but obligatory education up to the elementary level must be enforced to ensure that all parents send their children to school. Those who did not comply should face suitable punishment. This is because the problem of young females peddling on the street is partially due to parental negligence.
Since poverty appears to be the primary cause of street hawking, the government at all levels should step-up efforts to improve the economy, as a matter of urgency. This they can do by stemming the tide of unemployment, improving the remuneration of workers, improving infrastructure, creating job opportunities, and empowering the masses in various conceivable ways. This would go a long way to raise the socio-economic condition of most families thus reducing the poverty rate in the country.