Causes And Effects Of Malaria On The Academic Performance Of Students

Causes And Effects Of Malaria On The Academic Performance Of Students

Abstract

This study was carried out to examine the causes and effects of malaria on the academic performance of students using some selected secondary schools in Suleja Local government in Niger State as a case study. The study is was specifically set to ascertain the prevalence of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State, find out the causes of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State and determine whether malaria have any significant effect among students academic performance. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of students of some selected secondary schools in Suleja Local government in Niger State. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 229 respondents and 210 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables and mean scores. While the hypotheses were tested using Chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that the prevalence of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State is high. Furthermore, the result of the findings reveals that the causes of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State includes: exposure to mosquitoes, poor environmental sanitation, inadequate personal hygiene and poor nutritional practices. Therefore, it is recommended that health facilities should be set up in schools with qualified and competent health personnel to help curb the infection and spread of the diseases in order to contribute positively towards improving academic standards. To mention but a few.

Table of Content

• Title Page
• Certification
• Dedication
• Acknowledgement
• Table of Content
• List of Tables
• Abstract

Chapter One:

Introduction

• 1.1 Background of the Study
• 1.2 Statement of the Problem
• 1.3 Objective of the Study
• 1.4 Research Questions
• 1.5 Research Hypothesis
• 1.6 Significance of the Study
• 1.7 Scope of the Study
• 1.8 Limitation of the Study
• 1.9 Definition of Terms
• 1.10 Organisations of the Study

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

• 2.1 Conceptual Framework
• 2.2 Theoretical Framework
• 2.3 Empirical Review

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

• 3.1 Research Design
• 3.2 Population of the Study
• 3.3 Sample Size Determination
• 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
• 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
• 3.6 Method of Data Collection
• 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
• 3.8 Validity of the Study
• 3.9 Reliability of the Study
• 3.10 Ethical Consideration

Chapter Four:

Data Presentation and Analysis

• 4.1 Data Presentation
• 4.2 Analysis of Data
• 4.3 Answering Research Questions
• 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
• 4.5 Discussion of Findings

Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

• 5.1 Summary
• 5.2 Conclusion
• 5.3 Recommendation
• References
• APPENDIX
• QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Malaria is a parasitic disease which is easily preventable, treatable and curable, but still it remains one of the major public health problems in Nigeria (FMOH 2000). The malaria burden as reported in the country is on the increase in spite of numerous interventions that have been instituted. The obstacles to the success of these interventions are socio-cultural, economic and political in nature. According to (UNICEF, 2004), it kills a child somewhere in the world every 30 seconds. 90% of malaria deaths occur in Africa, where malaria accounts for about one in five of all childhood deaths. Each year, there are approximately 515 million cases of malaria, killing between one and three million people, the majority of whom are young children in Sub-Saharan Africa (Snow et al, 2005).

The overwhelming bulk of the world’s malaria burden rests upon the population of sub-Saharan Africa because of the unique coincidence of expanding human populations, weak health systems, the world’s most effective vector mosquito species, and environmental conditions ideal for transmission. Approximately 40% of the world’s populations live in regions where malaria transmission is endemic, mainly tropical and sub-tropical regions (Aultman et al, 2002). At the start of the new millennium, malaria is still deeply entrenched in Africa and effective malaria control is under threat from the inexorable spread of parasite strains resistant to anti-malarial drugs and the emergence of mosquitoes resistant to the pyrethroid insecticides used to impregnate bed nets.

In Africa, on an average about one in 20 children die from malaria. In areas of low endemicity, where the immunity is low, severe infection occurs in all age groups including adults. The morbidity and mortality due to malaria in children tends to be very high in these areas. Severe falciparum malaria is the commonest cause of death in infants and children in areas endemic and hyper endemic for malaria. Inadequate immunity results in rapid increase in the parasite count and development of complications. Delay in diagnosis and treatment also contributes to the mortality.

In Nigeria, malaria is endemic throughout the country. World Health Organization (WHO) estimated malaria mortality rate for children under five in Nigeria at 729 per 100, 000. Malaria has a great morbidity and mortality than any other infectious diseases of the world (World Malarial Report, 2005; Smith, 1978; WHO, 2000); a child will be sick of malaria between two and four times in one year (FMOH, 2005). The Ministry of Health reported in April 2004 that malaria is responsible for one out of ten deaths in pregnant women and has caused the Federal Government of Nigeria over one billion Naira annually in treating malaria (Government in action, 2005). At least, 50% of the population suffers from at least one episode of malaria each year. The disease is the commonest cause of outpatient attendance across all age groups.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Malaria has led to high mortality genetics such as anaemia, it has incapacitated several individuals it also affects many organ systems like thenervous system. Malaria is thought to be significantly affecting students academic achievement in Nigeria. A visit to the health centre revealed that 60% of the students who visit the centre to seek medical attention are found to suffer from malaria.It was therefore necessary to conduct a study on the causes and effects of malaria on the academic performance of students.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The broad objective of this study is to examine the causes and effects of malaria on the academic performance of students. Specifically, the study seeks to:

1. Ascertain the prevalence of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State.
2. Find out the causes of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State.
3. Determine whether malaria have any significant effect among students academic performance.

1.4 Research Questions

The following questions have been prepared for this study

1. What is the prevalence of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State?
2. What are the causes of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State?
3. Does malaria have any significant effect among students academic performance?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

• Ho: Malaria does nothave any significant effect among students academic performance.
• Ha: Malaria doeshave a significant effect among students academic performance.

1.6 Significance of the Study

It is envisaged that a careful identification of the causes of malaria will provide the state health sector with possible means the cure in order to improve student’s academic performance in the school as it concentrates on the issues of students low performance.Findings of the study will also contribute to the body of knowledge and serve as a reference material to both scholars and student who wishes to conduct further studies in related field.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study borders on the causes and effects of malaria on the academic performance of students.The study is however delimited to Suleja Local government in Niger State.

1.8 Limitation of the Study

Like in every human endeavour, the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. The significant constraint was the scanty literature on the subject owing that it is a new discourse thus the researcher incurred more financial expenses and much time was required in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection, which is why the researcher resorted to a limited choice of sample size covering only secondary schools in Suleja Local government in Niger State.. Thus findings of this study cannot be generalized for other primary schools in other states within Nigeria. Additionally, the researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work will impede maximum devotion to the research. Howbeit, despite the constraint encountered during the research, all factors were downplayed in other to give the best and make the research successful.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Malaria:

…

Student Academic Performance:

Refers to the display of knowledge attained or skilled developed in school subject designated by test and examination scores or marks assigned by the subject teacher to the students. This shows a valued judgment placed on various means of evaluation of teaching-learning.

1.10 Organization of the Studies

The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the findings on the causes and effects of malaria on the academic performance of students using some selected secondary schools in Suleja Local government in Niger State as a case study. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.

5.2 Summary of the Study

In this study, our focus was to examine the causes and effects of malaria on the academic performance of students using some selected secondary schools in Suleja Local government in Niger State as a case study.The study is was specifically carried out to ascertain the prevalence of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State, find out the causes of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State and determine whether malaria have any significant effect among students academic performance.

The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 210 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent arestudents of some selected secondary schools in Suleja Local government in Niger State.

5.3 Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher concluded that;

1. The prevalence of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State is high.
2. The causes of malaria among students in Suleja Local government in Niger State includes: exposure to mosquitoes, poor environmental sanitation, inadequate personal hygiene and poor nutritional practices.
3. Malaria has a significant effect among students academic performance.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.

1. Schools should be provided with treated mosquito nets.
2. Areas that encourage the breeding of mosquitoes within the school environment should be controlled, such as clearing of bushes, draining stagnant water
3. Students should be encouraged to use treated mosquito nets
4. Health facilities should be set up in schools with qualified and competent health personnel to help curb the infection and spread of the diseases in order to contribute positively towards improving academic standards.

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