Causes And Effects Of Inadequate Teachers On Primary Education

Primary Education Project and Semina Material

Abstract

This study was carried out to examine the causes and effects of inadequate teachers on primary education using some selected primary secondary school in Ethiope West is a Local Government Area of Delta State.The study was carried out to determine the extent of teachers shortage in public primary schools in Delta State, ascertain the causes of inadequate teacher in public primary schools, ascertain the effects of the inadequacy of teachers on public primary schools and find out the ways of curbing the problem of shortage of teachers in public primary schools.The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of teachers some selected primary secondary school in Ethiope West is a Local Government Area of Delta State.In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 41 respondents and 35 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables and mean scores. While the hypotheses were tested using Chi-square statistical tool.The result of the findings reveals that the extent of teachers shortage in public primary schools in Delta State is high. The study also revealed that the causes of inadequate teacher in public primary schools includes: Irregular payment of salaries, Retirement of teachers, Poor working environment and Non—employment of teachers by the government. Therefore, it is recommended that there should be regular and if possible yearly recruitment of teachers to replace the retirees and to meet up with the increasing population. – Teacher’s welfare should be given prority. To mention but a few.

Table of Content

Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
List of Tables
Abstract

Chapter One:

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitation of the Study
1.9 Definition of Terms
1.10 Organisations of the Study

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Empirical Review

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population of the Study
3.3 Sample Size Determination
3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Validity of the Study
3.9 Reliability of the Study
3.10 Ethical Consideration

Chapter Four:

Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Analysis of Data
4.3 Answering Research Questions
4.4 Test of Hypotheses

Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

The dearth of teachers is the greatest challenge facing educational system in Nigeria today especially in public primary schools. On 28 May, 2019 the punch Newspaper reported “primary education” teacher scarcity hits public schools, (28) twenty-eight states fail to recruit personnel. It was stated that “there is no state in this country (Nigeria) that is not having an acute shortage of teachers in line with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural organization’s standard of twenty five (25) pupils per teacher (Punch 2019).

The place of teachers in the educational system constitute an important aspect in the school system. Teachers are critical resource in every country, since every teaching strongly influences what and how much pupils achieve in school. In Nigerian the educational system is currently faced with the shortage of sound and motivated teachers. This is largely because the art of teaching is still considered a vocation not a profession with many unqualified teachers in primary schools without going through the requisite of professional training. Teachers are important in the education system and in any society for many reasons, this is because teaching is of peculiar and dynamic profession. Ukeje (1999) opined that a school is a mirror of the society and an agent of societal change. He further asserted that teaching is a process of nation building, and the teacher, an instrument of nation building. This indicate that the teacher is accountable for the nation’s destiny.

In Nigeria today the number of public primary schools and teachers available for basic education are both woefully in adequate. In 2013, the shortage of primary school teachers in Nigeria was acute-in excess of 338,000. This was compounded by the fact that 28 of the 36 state governments haven’t employed any new teachers since 2015 to 2019. Meanwhile the pupils population is increasing and teachers are also retiring. This devastating effect is highlighted at Rimawa primaryschool in Goronyo, Sokoto state. The school has 1,170 pupils and only (10) ten teachers. (Punch (2019). The situation is not found in Sokoto state alone but in other states in the country. Like in Ekiti State teachers have not been employed for the past six years – (NUT). In Ondo State teachers were recruited last in 2005. In Enugu State at carter primary school – Ogui, there are only five teacher including the Headmaster. In Ebonyi State at Akanto primary school in Amasiri clan Atikpo North Local Government Area, there are three teachers, this included the Headmaster meaning the school has two teachers in a primary school of primary one to primary six (Punch 2019). No educationist can say that this is normal.

The issue of teacher shortage is not limited to lack of unemployment by Government but could be expressed in terms of unwillingness and commitment of teachers in most states. It could be observed that most public primary schools in big towns and cities are fairly adequate in numbers of teachers. As opined by Bradley (1999) and Lunenburg and Ornstein (2008) many teachers were not willing to teach in rural areas. This was supported by Makinde (2010) that schools in rural areas do not receive their quota of trained teachers while many of the few ones in the rural areas seek frequent transfer into the city.

Researches have shown that teacher’s shortage are plagued in education system. This has been traced to people leaving the teaching profession when more attractive jobs become available in government, politics or private enterprise (Adeyemi (2011), Subair and Talabi 2015). There are many reasons advocated for teachers shortage in schools. These include poor and irregular salaries, low social status in society, lack of incentives and career advancement opportunities. Adeyemi (2008) explained that many teachers leave the teaching profession due to discouragement and frustration resulting from low social status accorded the teaching profession in the society. Ubom, (2002) has reported that teacher shortage has been attributed to low salaries and social prestige given to teachers.

In recent times, due to unemployment of teachers by the state governments most schools lack teachers in Nigeria. Most states of the federation has not employed teachers since 2015 which is about fourteen years ago. The implication is that there are no replacement of retiring teachers. Therefore retirement has been one of the major causes of teacher shortage. Retirement means teachers disengaging from the job on the account of age or length of service or year of service. This group of people have worked for a stipulated period of time of thirty five years or they exit from the job on the account of attaining the retirement age of sixty years. Retirement of teachers has created vacancies in primary schools.

Ingersoll (2000) re-ported in his findings that percentage of vacancies were due to retirement of teachers. Adeyemi (2011) opined that retirement of teachers without corresponding replacement mean that shortage will exist. Also Adeogun (2010) was of the opinion that the non payment or delayed payment and irregular payment of teachers salaries consequently resulted in shortage of teachers in schools. This could be seen in many states in Nigeria that owed teachers salaries for months such states included Benue, Kwara and Ondo States (Punch 2019). In the light of the above, this study seek to investigate the causes and effects of inadequate teachers on primary education.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Teacher shortage has implications for the primary schools specifically both on the Head teachers, teachers and on pupils. The effect of teacher shortage has resulted on poor performance of pupils in examination as asserted by Ihejieto (1993). According to Subair and Talabi,(2015), the effect of teacher shortage extend to school head teachers and the teachers. School headteachers take up teaching of classes with their administrative job. Teachers are saddled with teaching more than a class and covering for absences (Adelabu (2005).

Primary school education is the most important education in the life of a child. It is not only valuable to the child, it is critical to the development of any country and its educational system. Following the recent publications in Nigerian Newspapers and Media on teacher shortage in Nigerian public primary schools, the researcher decided to take up this research. This study therefore intends to find out the causes and effects of inadequate teachers on primary education.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The major of this study is to critically examine the causes and effects of inadequate teachers on primary education. By extension, this study will specifically;

Determine the extent of teachers shortage in public primary schools in Delta State.
Ascertain the causes of inadequate teacher in public primary schools.
Ascertain the effects of the inadequacy of teachers on public primary schools.
Find out the ways of curbing the problem of shortage of teachers in public primary schools.

1.4 Research Questions

The study will be guided by the following questions

What is the extent of teachers shortage in public primary schools in Delta State?
What are the causes of inadequate teacher in public primary schools?
What are the effects of the inadequacy of teachers on public primary schools?
What are the ways of curbing the problem of shortage of teachers in public primary schools?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Ho: The inadequacy of teachers has no significant impact on the performance of public primary schools.
Ha: The inadequacy of teachers has a significant impact on the performance of public primary schools.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study gives various insights into the challenges of inadequacy of teacher in the effective teaching and learning primary schools in Nigeria. These highlighted challenges will enable stakeholders in the education sector to take adequate measures in tackling these challenges, and make learning in primary schools a lot easier for both teachers and students in secondary school levels.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study is to critically examine the causes and effects of inadequate teachers on primary education. The study will also unveil the factors which affects the availability of teachers in primary schools.

Geographically, the study will be delimited to some selected primary secondary school in Ethiope West is a Local Government Area of Delta State.

1.8. Limitation of the Study

Like in every human endeavour, the researcher encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. Insufficient funds tend to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection, which is why the researcher resorted to a limited choice of sample size. More so, the researcher simultaneously engaged in this study with other academic work. As a result, the amount of time spent on research will be reduced.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Primary Education: Refers to an organized school of learning for children between the ages of five and eleven years, or it refers to the education given in institution for children aged 6 to 11 years plus.

Qualified Teachers means teachers with the proper, necessary or required qualification to handle teaching activities and other school responsibilities effectively.

1.10 Organization of the Study

The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the findings on the causes and effects of inadequate teachers on primary education using some selected primary secondary school in Ethiope West is a Local Government Area of Delta State. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.

5.2 Summary of the Study

In this study, our focus was to examine the causes and effects of inadequate teachers on primary education using some selected primary secondary school in Ethiope West is a Local Government Area of Delta State. The study is was specifically carried out to determine the extent of teachers shortage in public primary schools in Delta State, ascertain the causes of inadequate teacher in public primary schools, ascertain the effects of the inadequacy of teachers on public primary schools and find out the ways of curbing the problem of shortage of teachers in public primary schools.

The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 35 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent were teachers some selected primary secondary school in Ethiope West is a Local Government Area of Delta State.

5.3 Conclusions

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher concluded that;

The extent of teachers shortage in public primary schools in Delta State is high.
The causes of inadequate teacher in public primary schools includes: Irregular payment of salaries, Retirement of teachers, Poor working environment and Non—employment of teachers by the government.
The effects of the inadequacy of teachers on public primary schools includes: Ineffective teaching, Poor quality of instructional materials, Low standard of education, Poor pupils academic performance and High stress level on the teachers.
The ways of curbing the problem of shortage of teachers in public primary schools includes: Improvement of teacher status, Regular payment of salaries /benefit, Employment of teachers yearly to replace retires and Good working environment for teachers.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.

There should be regular and if possible yearly recruitment of teachers to replace the retirees and to meet up with the increasing population. – Teacher’s welfare should be given prority.
Teachers in primary school should be given special allowances and other benefits such as car loan and housing loan especially to those in rural areas to encourage retention of teachers in the profession.
Good working environment should be provided such as classrooms, adequate teaching and learning materials for pupils and teachers effective teaching and learning processes.
There should be even distribution of teachers to both Rural and urban schools. Since every school has primary one to six classes, at least every school should have seven teachers including the head teacher.
Teachers should be trained and re-trained through workshop and seminars to meet up with new challenges in the teaching profession.

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