Effect Of Local Material On Students Academic Achievement

Project and Seminar Material for Education

Abstract

This study was carried out to examine the effect of local material on students academic achievement using Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State as a case study. The study was specifically set to determine whether local instructional materials aids the effective teaching and learning in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State, determine whether local instructional materials enhances student’s interest in learning and study habit in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State, determine whether local instructional materials enhances student’s learning outcome in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State, determine whether local instructional materials enhances student’s academic achievement in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State, and find out the problems faced by teachers towards improvisation of Instructional materials in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of teachers and students of some selected senior secondary schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 200 respondents and 150 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables and mean scores. While the hypotheses were tested using Chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that local instructional materials aids the effective teaching and learning in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State. Furthermore the study also revealed that the problems faced by teachers towards improvisation of Instructional materials in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State includes: financial constraints, lack of skills and strategies on improvisation, large class size, time constraint, unavailability of tools and lack of exposure on improvisation. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers should be trained and re-trained through workshops, seminars and conferences for the purpose of skill acquisition necessary for the production and use of instructional materials by teachers. To mention but a few.

Table of Content

Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
List of Tables
Abstract

Chapter One:

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitation of the Study
1.9 Definition of Terms
1.10 Organisations of the Study

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Empirical Review

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population of the Study
3.3 Sample Size Determination
3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Validity of the Study
3.9 Reliability of the Study
3.10 Ethical Consideration

Chapter Four:

Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Analysis of Data
4.3 Answering Research Questions
4.4 Test of Hypotheses

Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Education is a major tool for individual empowerment and National development. A National educational system is vital because it produces the personnel that are required to function in various facets of national life and development process. Gray (2001), notes that ―the goals of wealth creation, employment, generation, poverty reduction and value reorientation can be effectively pursued, attained and sustained only through an efficient, relevant and functional education system.‖ Education has been accorded a high rating in Nigeria, and the demand for education is popular because of the desire of members of the society to give their children a better chance in life. The demand for education has become explosive and one which no government can afford to ignore. Education in Nigeria has reached a cross-road that demand a change in direction, a change in our understanding and acceptance of what educational standard and quality are, the high demand of education in Nigeria give rise to the expansion of education.

Teaching involves a teacher trying to teach someone something somewhere. Pratt (2008), views teaching as the activities of educating or instructing; that impact knowledge or skills written or spoken directions for carrying out a procedure or performing a task. Teaching is one of the oldest and probably most respected professions playing an important role in the preservation of societies, teaching is a series of observables action which can be reviewed, enhanced, changed, and repeated for effective learning achievement. Teaching is a form of public service which requires of teacher‘s expert knowledge and skills, acquired and maintained through rigorous study -UNESCO and the ILO cited by Baikie (2002). This definition of the teaching-learning process shows that the act of teaching is full of activities that a teacher must engage in for successful implementation of teaching learning process.

Also, for better teaching, the teacher must be able to lay his/her hands on the environment and manipulate it, at the same time providing access to appropriate learning experience made to enhance ideas, skills and knowledge leading to increased and improved productivity of the learners (Onuh, 2022). Teaching requires creativity and improvisation (Onuh, 2022). To make subjects understandable to students, teachers must employ creative and innovative teaching approach in explaining the subject concepts (Sambo, 2022). Sambo (2022) added that the widespread discouraging academic achievement towards subjects from secondary school students can be ascribed to lack of proper teaching approaches. Teachers who adopt appropriate locally made instructional materials in teaching will likely be more successful in imparting knowledge to novice in classes.

Therefore, locally available instructional materials are materials and equipment obtainable from the local environment, or designed by the teacher or with the help of local resource personnel to enhance effective teaching and learning activities. Accordingly, Nweze (2021) asserted that local instructional materials are natural materials that are found in the local place or area which are useful for teaching and learning. Kabesa (2019) defines locally available instructional materials as those persons, places, things, materials, activities and experiences in the society considered helpful in educating learners. Locally available instructional materials include: ponds, swamps and rivers, pasture and grazing land, cultivated fields, abandoned land, forest areas, creeks, sand pits, playgrounds, swimming pools, nature trails, bird sanctuaries, objects and specimen, markets and health centres, resource persons, zoos and parks, botanical gardens, farmlands, museums, rocks, and wood, etc. Kabesa (2019) added the use of local instructional material provides a shared memory of the classroom, it improves students knowledge, retention, skill acquisition and preparation for adult life because students are given opportunities to apply learning in real life settings; it assist the teacher and facilitates students creativity thus making teaching-learning more concrete and interesting, thereby improving academic achievement of the students.

However, the process of teaching and learning requires a good deal of improvisation because it touches all students’ learning domains; cognitive, affective and psychomotor. In secondary schools, teachers are required to provide a learning environment that promotes effective knowledge, attitude and skills through functional learning aids. Despite the importance of improvised instructional materials however, many teachers do not use improvised instructional materials. Studies carried out by Akano (2018), Audu (2018) and Ofoegbu (2012) revealed that most teachers do not use improvised instructional materials for teaching and learning of BST. Improvised instructional materials are cheaper to produce because the raw materials are obtained within the local environment and can present objects in either two or three-dimensional views. The process of teaching and learning requires a good deal of improvisation because it touches all students’ learning domains; cognitive, affective and psycho-motor. Salihu (2016) opined that the inability of teachers to improvise instructional materials not only affects performance of the learner but also produces poor quality students that cannot pursue further educational professions. Against this background, this study is designed to determine the effect of local material on students academic achievement.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The lack of original instructional materials, teaching and learning has negatively impacted the attainment of positive results in Nigerian schools. The above challenge which is often due to poor funding can be attributed to the current economic down turn in Nigeria (Onifade & Owoade, 2020). Going forward, the unavailable instructional materials led to the persistent poor performance of secondary school students. The situation above is a source of worry to stakeholders of education. Several researchers as revealed in literature have achieved meaningful and interesting classroom experience when improvisation was employed as an option to the dearth of instructional materials in various secondary schools across the country. Bukoye (2019) affirmed that students learn little due to non-availability of instructional materials. A lesson taught without the use of instructional strategy results in a knowledge that is of memorization which stands the risk of being forgotten easily by learners and leads to poor performance (Suleiman & Audu, 2020). The teaching and learning of secondary schools has been devoid of the use of instructional materials, such that teachers’ during classroom delivery employed traditional chalk boards, conventional and teacher-centred methods. If this situation of lack of instructional materials in teaching and learning persists, it will to a large extent have a plummeting effect on students’ performance which in turn will affect the quality of education as well as hamper the growth and development of the nation. With the above in mind, the researcher deemed it necessary to carry out the present study to ascertain the effect of local material on students academic achievement.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of local material on students academic achievement using Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State as a case study. Other objectives of this study are:

Determine whether local instructional materials aids the effective teaching and learning in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.
Determine whether local instructional materials enhances student’s interest in learning and study habit in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State
Determine whether local instructional materials enhances student’s learning outcome in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.
Determine whether local instructional materials enhances student’s academic achievement in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.
Find out the problems faced by teachers towards improvisation of Instructional materials in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions will be answered in this study:

Does local instructional materials aids the effective teaching and learning in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State?
Does local instructional materials enhances student’s interest in learning and study habit in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State?
Does local instructional materials enhances student’s learning outcome in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State?
Does local instructional materials enhances student’s academic achievement in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State?
What are the problems faced by teachers towards improvisation of Instructional materials in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

Ho: The use of local instructional materials does not enhance student’s academic achievement in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.
Ha: The use of local instructional materials enhance student’s academic achievement in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The need to undertake this study is to determine the effect of local material on students academic achievement using Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State as a case study. The suggestions that will be effected from the findings may be of great benefit to the teachers if properly utilized.

The findings from this study shall provide relevant information as regards to the skills of producing and utilizing locally made instructional materials to the classroom teachers for effective teaching-learning process in Social studies. The research is also a documentary evidence of what is available and the deficiencies, at present in terms of teaching materials in most of post-primary schools.

Findings from this study will be very significant to government as it will help them to identify where, when and how to assist and motivate teachers in the improvisation of instructional materials in teaching. Also, the curriculum planners will benefit from this study as the study will enable them to make provisions for teachers in the production of instructional materials in social studies curriculum.

The research work will enable students to appreciate the importance of locally made instructional materials in learning social studies. It will also motivate the students to increase their performance in social studies.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the examine the effect of local material on students academic achievement using Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State as a case study. Hence the study will be delimited to some selected secondary schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

The researcher encountered minor obstacles when conducting the study, as with any human endeavor. The significant constraint was the scarcity of literature on the subject due to the nature of the discourse, so the researcher incurred more financial expenses and spent more time sourcing for relevant materials, literature, or information and in the data collection process, which is why the researcher resorted to a limited choice of sample size. Furthermore, the researcher did this investigation alongside other academic activities. Furthermore, the sample size was limited because only a few respondents were chosen to answer the research instrument, therefore the results cannot be generalized to other secondary schools outside the state. Despite the constraints encountered during the research, all elements were minimized in order to provide the best results and make the research effective.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Instructional Materials:

Refers to devices or materials which present a body of information and largely self-supporting in the teaching/learning process.

Improvisation:

Entails the production of equipment using available local and cheaper resources and the use of such equipment for effective teaching.

1.10 Organization of the Study

The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, abnd selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter (chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the findings on the effect of local material on students academic achievement using Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State as a case study. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.

5.2 Summary of the Study

In this study, our focus was to examine the effect of local material on students academic achievement using Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State as a case study. The study was specifically set to determine whether local instructional materials aids the effective teaching and learning in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State, determine whether local instructional materials enhances student’s interest in learning and study habit in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State, determine whether local instructional materials enhances student’s learning outcome in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State, determine whether local instructional materials enhances student’s academic achievement in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State, and find out the problems faced by teachers towards improvisation of Instructional materials in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.

The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 150 responses were validated from the enrolled participants, where all respondent are teachers and students of some selected senior secondary schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.

5.3 Conclusions

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher made the following conclusion.

Local instructional materials aids the effective teaching and learning in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.
Local instructional materials enhances student’s interest in learning and study habit in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.
Local instructional materials enhances student’s learning outcome in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.
Local instructional materials enhances student’s academic achievement in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State.
The problems faced by teachers towards improvisation of Instructional materials in Senior Secondary Schools in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State includes: financial constraints, lack of skills and strategies on improvisation, large class size, time constraint, unavailability of tools and lack of exposure on improvisation.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.

Teachers should be trained and re-trained through workshops, seminars and conferences for the purpose of skill acquisition necessary for the production and use of instructional materials by teachers.
Teachers should be creative to improvise instructional materials using resource around the immediate school environment in teaching and learning to make up for shortfall in supply of the original ones.
The use of instructional materials which will motivate learners to pay more attention in the learning activities in schools should be encouraged.
It is also recommended that teachers should be adequately motivated to improvise and use instructional materials. This can be done by improving condition of service for teachers and better remuneration.