Effect Of Child Trafficking On Academic Performance Of Pupils In Public Primary Schools

Effect Of Child Trafficking On Academic Performance Of Pupils In Public Primary Schools
Abstract
This research investigates the effects of child trafficking on academic performance of primary school pupils’ in Odeda Local Government Area of Abeokuta metropolis. The study uses the survey design and the population of the study was the 195 public primary schools identified in Odeda Local Government Area. However the research selected 20 out of them for a closer study through the simple random sampling technique. Primary data was collected through the use of questionnaire, presented and analyzed by means of simple percentages. A cut-off mean of 2 points was the bench mark for answering research questions and hypotheses were tested using the one-sample t-test. The research revealed that; child trafficking has significant effects on both pupils’ assessment grades and their participation in class activities; and thus concludes that child trafficking has significant effects on pupils’ academic performance in primary school. It was recommended that; child trafficking and it effects should receive attention in education policy forums; and that parents should always relate to their children with love and affection and provide for their needs; teaching profession should be professionalized to ensure that there is no one teaching as a second best option, this would ensure that people in this profession really see it as their contribution to society’s development; and penalty for teachers’ who commit sexual abuse with their students should be severe enough to deter other perpetrators.
Table of Contents
Preliminary Page(s)
- Title
- Declaration
- Approval
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Abstract
- Table of Content
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background to the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objectives of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypotheses
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Definition of Terms
Chapter Two:
Literature Review
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.1.1 The Concept of Child trafficking and Neglect
- 2.1.2 Types of Child trafficking
- 2.1.3 Effects/Implication of Child trafficking on Child Development
- 2.1.4 Legislations against Child trafficking and Neglect in Nigeria
- 2.1.5 The Concept of Academic Performance/Achievements
- 2.1.6 Factors affecting Academic Performance
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.2.1 Weiner’s Model of Attributions
- 2.3 Empirical Studies
- 2.4 Summary
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Area of Study
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of the Study
- 3.4 Sample Size Determination/Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Kinds and Sources of Data
- 3.6 Methods of Data Collection
- 3.7 Validity of Instruments
- 3.8 Method of Data Analysis
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretations
- 4.3. Discussion of Findings
- 4.4. Summary of Findings
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3. Conclusion
- 5.4. Recommendations
- 5.5. Limitations of the Study
- 5.6. Suggestions for Further Studies
- References
- Appendices
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
Nigeria, the most populous black nation in the world with an estimated population of about 140 million people (2006, Census), is endowed with abundant human and natural resources like oil, tin, limestone, zinc, natural gas, good vegetation and climate which varies from being equatorial in the South, tropical in the centre and arid in the north. This great country, 3rd world largest producer of crude oil has about 5.3% annual growth rate but it is estimated that 70% of Nigerians live in poverty (Tola, 2008). The above features are legacies of decades prolonged military rules coupled with mis-management and corruption, which have daily impoverished the people and made them “beggars” of a sort amdist plenty. This act of misrule has increased anti-social behaviour amongst the populace. Sadly, the quest for material wealth at all cost has introduced a new dimension of wealth creation into the psyche of Nigerians-which is child trafficking. Child trafficking is the third largest criminal activity in the world after arms and drug trafficking (Tola, 2008). In the last decade, the phenomenon of child trafficking has considerably increased throughout the world and most especially in Nigeria.
Every year, million of individuals, mostly children are misled by decot or forced to submit to servitude. The UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000) defined child trafficking as follows: “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, of abuse of power, giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation” “exploitation shall include at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar or slavery, servitude or the removal of organs”.
ANPPCAN (2010) sees child trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of children by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power a position of vulnerability or the giving or receiving of payments, benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over the child for the purpose of exploitation. Research evidence shows that children are trafficked for the purpose of domestic services, prostitution and other forms of exploitative labour (UNICEF, 2007). These has been a serious concern about the cause of child trafficking in African as a whole and Nigeria as a country in particular.
UNICEF (2007) has identified poverty, large family size, rapid urbanization among others as the major factor why many Nigeria children are vulnerable to trafficking. Parent with large family are often prone to those traffickers deceit in giving away some of their children to city residents or even strangers promising a better life for them. Trafficking deprives child victims the privilege to exercise their wide range of rights, including the right to belong and identify, the right to freedom, education among others. ANPPCAN (2010). As a result of this, the study on the causes, effects, and remedies of child trafficking in Nigeria is worth pursing. It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide meaningful information as to the stoppage of the act in Nigeria and Africa as a whole.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Children living in rural areas in Nigeria often lack access to quality education, good health and other basic needs which make their parents to entrust them in the hands of other family members who are financially upright to help them train their children.
It is impossible to ever reach a consensus on the true scale of the problem but, regardless of the figures, what matters is that human trafficking is big and getting bigger. What matters is that every numbers represents a human life destroyed. it is happening on every continent and in almost every country: whether the place we live is a source, destination or transit point for trafficking, none of us can claim to be wholly unaffected by this crime. One of the biggest impediments to anti-trafficking efforts is a lack of understanding of the issue. Trafficking, and consequently, the measures taken to combat it, is often entangled with people smuggling, immigration and asylum, prostitution and other forms of organized crime. It must be emphasized that the essence of trafficking is the forced exploitation of individuals by those in the position to exert power over them.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of the study is to investigate the effect of child trafficking on academic performance of primary school pupil in Odeda Local Government Area.
Specifically, the study seeks to investigate;
- The effect of child trafficking on primary school pupils’ assessments grades and academic performance.
- The effect of child trafficking on primary school pupils’ participation in the class and academic performance.
1.4 Research Questions
In order to achieve the objectives the following questions are hereby posed;
- What is the extent of the effect of child trafficking on primary school pupils’ assessments grades and academic performance?
- What is the extent of the effect of child trafficking on primary school pupils’ participation in the class and academic performance?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
In furtherance of the objectives the following hypotheses are hereby projected;
HO 1: Child trafficking has no significant effect on pupils’ assessments grades and academic performance.
HO 2: Child trafficking has no significant effect on pupils’ participation in the class and academic performance.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will be of great importance, as it will provide necessary information on the causes, effect and remedies to child trafficking in Nigeria. It will also provide further research in combating trafficking in Nigeria. The study will also be useful for further researches into child trafficking within and outside the country. Thus enhancing step to preventing human trafficking and prosecuting the traffickers is therefore to recognize the complexity of the crime which cannot be tackled in a vacuum. Anti-trafficking strategies have to be embedded in every policy area, from improving female education. In source countries so that girls are less vulnerable to trafficking to increasing police pay in destination countries so that officers are less susceptible to bribery.
We cannot allow ourselves to marginalize the issue of trafficking, viewing it as something that can be ended with a few extra task forces or dedicated units. We need everyone to be aware of how it affects them, and what they can do stop it. Laudable efforts in this direction should be made. No doubt that in 2000, the United Nations Launched the protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, which establish a victim-centred approach to trafficking, which has since been signed by 177 countries including Nigeria.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study will be restricted to the causes, effects of child trafficking in Nigeria. Solution to the problems of child trafficking will also be sought in the cause of this research.
This research focuses on the causes, effects and remedies of child trafficking in Nigeria but due to finance, time and other factors, the study will be limited to Abeokuta Metropolis particularly in Odeda Local Government.
1.8 Definition Of Terms
Child:
Child in this study means any person less than eighteen years of age.
Trafficking:
The recruitment, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusion And Recommendations
5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the summary of the study, the conclusion reached from the study, recommendations arising from the research findings, and the suggestions for further studies.
5.2 Summary
The research centers on investigating the effects of child trafficking on academic performance of primary school pupils. By this, it investigates the effects of child trafficking on academic performance of public primary school pupils’ in Odeda Local Government Area of Abeokuta metropolis. Child trafficking is not a new phenomenon in the history of man. It has been going on right from time immemorial. In Africa/Nigerian society what constitute abuse today has never been regarded as abuse. It has been seen as a way of training the child to become a well behaved, disciplined and self actualized person in society. It is a normal process that children from birth be exposed to a variety of experiences from parents, caregivers and other adults in the society. This is to enable the children acquire the necessary basic norms and skills for effective participation in the society where they belong and for their personal growth and development. The process of acquiring these skills is sometimes stressful for the children to bear. Some parents and care givers make the condition for acquiring these skills so difficult that the children may find it difficult to cope. The condition in which children are exposed to as they try to acquire the skills to become disciplined and hardworking individuals is where the problems lie. When these conditions become over-stretched it becomes an abuse.
The main problem on hand here is that at the heart of every educational system lays the desire for the students, teachers and the institutions to achieve their educational goals; however, the extent to which this desire is achieved in the study period of a student varies based on individual differences. Individual differences in academic performance have been linked to differences in intelligence and personality. Students with higher mental ability as demonstrated by IQ tests and those who are higher in conscientiousness (linked to effort and achievement motivation) tend to perform highly in academic settings. A recent meta-analysis suggested that mental curiosity (as measured by typical intellectual engagement) has an important influence on academic performance in addition to intelligence and conscientiousness. Despite high mental abilities, conscientiousness and intellectual engagement demonstrated by most children it has been observed of late that the academic performance of children in public primary schools in the State, particularly, in Odeda Local Government Area is becoming low. It has also been observed that in this recent times issues of child trafficking and neglect is on the rise in the local government due to economic depression caused by the global economic backdrop and incessant social/civil unrests. One wonders if such low academic performance is as a result of the abuse/maltreatment children are exposed to. This became the motivation to investigate the effect of child trafficking on academic performance of primary school pupils in Odeda Local Government.
Specifically, the study investigates the personal characteristics of pupils’ and teachers in public primary schools in Odeda Local Government Area and tries to determine the effects of child trafficking on pupils’ assessment grades and participation in class activities which are identified as measures of academic performance of primary school pupils’ in Odeda Local Government Area. In order to achieve the above objectives the following research questions are advanced by the research: What is the extent of the effects of child trafficking on pupils’ assessment grades and academic performance? What is the extent of the effects of child trafficking on pupils’ participation in class activities and academic performance?
In furtherance of the efforts to achieve the research objectives, the following hypotheses are projected: Child trafficking has no significant effect on pupils’ assessment grades and academic performance; Child trafficking has no significant effect on pupils’ participation in class activities and academic performance.
The importance of this study cannot be overemphasized because in a society where children’s academic performance in most public schools is getting lower, any study which will discover some of the causes will be very relevant. Many research studies have been carried out outside of Abeokuta metropolis on child trafficking and its effect on pupils’ academic performance. There is need therefore for such a study to be carried out in our locality with different cultural settings. The result of this study will be an added advantage to governments stand on child’s right act and care, if it shows a significant influence. Parents, Guardians, Teachers, other caregivers and the general public will find the result of this study useful, as it will reveal to them the need for effective care and protection of their children, especially the importance of providing educational needs for a higher academic performance. The research will also be a resource of value to other researchers carrying out research on the topic or similar subject matter.
The study is intended to cover all the 195 public primary schools in Odeda Local Government Area. However, due to time and financial limitations the study is limited to 20 selected public primary schools. The researcher deems it appropriate to select these primary schools because all the state owned primary schools are attended by almost children of the same social class and a bound the face the same social and life challenges. Also, the calibers of teachers that teach in such schools are mostly of same social orientation. More so, the researcher targets to cover 10% of the total number of public primary schools in the Local Government.
The study is also limited to the issue of child trafficking and academic performance of primary school pupils since it will be too cumbersome to study all the factors that deter academic performance of school children in the area.
The survey research design was adopted for the study and the analysis was purely descriptive. The population of the study was all the 195 public primary schools identified in Odeda Local Government Area. The study adopts a probability sampling technique; to be precise, the simple random sampling technique and in this manner the study selected 20 public primary schools for a closer study, and the close-ended questionnaire was used to elicit data from respondents and was designed based on a three points “Likert-Summated Rating Scale” range from 1 (Disagreed) to 3 (Agree). This satisfies data collection through the primary source.
Secondary source of data collection include textbooks, journal articles and annual reports both from the internet and hard copies. These materials have been reviewed to draw relevant information on the research topic and have formed the basis for the design and formulation of the conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and the empirical studies.
The one-sample t-test was adopted to evaluate the variables since the data is parametric, which is the basis of testing the relevant hypotheses. Percentages and frequencies were also used to analyze characteristics of respondents. A cut-off mean of 2 was set as the bench mark. Based on the test, it was revealed that; child trafficking has significant effects on pupils’ assessment grades as well as their participation in class activities thereby having significant effects on their overall academic performance.
5.3 Conclusion
In the study, the researcher tried to investigate the effects of child trafficking on academic performance of pupils’ in public primary schools in Odeda Local Government Area of Abeokuta metropolis. This was done through investigation of the personal characteristics (data) of pupils’ and teachers in public primary schools and the effect of child trafficking on pupils’ assessment grades and their participation in class which are identified to be measures of academic performance of primary school pupils’ in Odeda Local Government Area of Abeokuta metropolis.
The statistical analysis reveals that; child trafficking has significant effects on pupils’ assessment grades and their participation in class activities during and after lessons periods. Base on this, the research therefore conclude that child trafficking has significant effects on academic performance of primary school pupils’ in Odeda Local Government Area of Abeokuta metropolis.
5.4 Recommendations
Based the findings, the research recommend the following:
- The effects of child trafficking on children‘s classroom behaviour and later academic performance should receive attention in education policy forums; and that parents should always relate to their children with love and affection and provide for their needs.
- There should be public enlightenment programs to combat mass ignorance and public awareness on the right to freedom from all forms of child trafficking.
- As much as possible, teachers/caregivers should avoid the use of corporal punishment because it only teaches children that violence is the best way of maintaining control and it encourages them to hit other children.
- There should be provision of nurturing and supportive child friendly school, learning environment free from noise, distractions, discrimination and abuse of any kind.
- A child should not be disciplined when the adult’s anger is out of control.
- Intense awareness should be created among teachers and school managers using seminars, workshops and training programs about what constitutes child trafficking.
- All forms of abuse should be exposed to this class of caregivers so as to draw their attention to some of the unintentional acts that bother on child trafficking.
- Teaching profession should be professionalized to ensure that there is no one teaching as a second best option, this would ensure that people in this profession really see it as their contribution to society’s development.
- Penalty for teachers’ who commit sexual abuse with their students should be severe enough to deter other perpetrators.
5.5 Limitations of the Study
The major limitation of the study is that instead of the research to sample individual opinion as designed, it ended up sampling group opinions, for it become evident to the researcher that most of the questionnaires were attended to in groups and thus reflects the dominant opinion of a group voice. It is worthy to note that this was beyond the powers of the researcher to control. However, the validity of the findings and the research conclusion is still significant.
5.6 Suggestions for Further Studies
This study is not restricted neither it is conclusive, student, independent researchers, organizations or any group of person(s) wishing to make further inquiries of the topic are at liberty to do so, they may even find this report of much resource.
However, the researcher suggests the following areas for further studies:
- The effects of sexual child trafficking on social life and educational attainments of children in Abeokuta metropolis.
- The implications of spiritual child trafficking on mental health and development of primary and secondary school pupils’ in Tiv land.
- An assessment of the incidence emotional child neglect in Abeokuta metropolis.
Educational child neglect and its implication on security of Nigeria.


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