Effect Of Bank Distress On Rural Savings Mobilization Of Banks

Effect Of Bank Distress On Rural Savings Mobilization Of Banks
Abstract
During the last years the banking business has come under considerable competitive pressure and bank managers often express concern regarding its savings and credits vis-à-vis other activities. The data available shows that savings mobilization plays an important role in rural development and in rural Economy. This study therefore examined the effects of bank distress on rural savings mobilization of banks from 2004 to 2011 financial years. The researchers employed both financial and non-financial analysis. The bank charges different rate of interest for various customers on the basis of risk and nature of loan. Empirical results from estimating the model on 2004 to 2011 data from the bank’s financial statement indicates that total deposits has been increased from 8.692 million to 152.65 million respectively. Also, the analysis in the study period indicates that credits has increased from 1.559 million in 2004 to 110.42 million in 2011. Regression analysis of the findings established that there is a positive relationship between total deposits and credits. This shows that as total deposits increased the amount to lend also increased. Policy implications of the study are that the government or the monetary authority should maintain the equality of saving and investment where the market rate of interest equal to the natural rate.
Table Of Content
Preliminary Page(s)
- Title Page
- Declaration
- Approval
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Abstract
- Table of Content
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Background To The Study
- 1.2 Statement Of Problem
- 1.3 Research Objectives
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypotheses
- 1.6 Significance Of The Study
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review
- 2.1 Concept Of Distress
- 2.2 The Nigerian Banking Industry
- 2.3 Symptoms Of Distress
- 2.4 Causes Of Banking Sector Distress
- 2.5 Concept Of Savings
- 2.6 Determination Of Saving (S)
- 2.7 Mobilized Rural Savings
- 2.8 The Role Of Formal And Informal Financial Sectors In The Mobilization Of Rural Saving(S)
Chapter Three
3.0 Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Data Sources
- 3.3 Sampling Technique
- 3.4 Data Analysis
Chapter Four
4.0 Results And Discussion
- 4.1 The Trend In Total Deposits In NACRDB
- 4.2 The Trend In Credit In NACRDB
- 4.3 Relationship Between Total Deposits And Credits
Chapter Five
5.0 Conclusion And Recommendation
- 5.1 Conclusion
- 5.2 Recommendation
- References
- Appendix
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study
In most developing countries domestic resources particularly, savings have been identified as the bedrock of development. There is a growing consensus among majority of the third world countries that the enhancement of a virile development of this section of the world and its peoples require urgent attention. In earnest significant attention need to be accorded to the mobilization of savings in line with further integrating it into overall realm of development strategies. Such attentions would undoubtedly fructify and contribute to a reduction in credit delivery and recovering costs and to a more equitable income distribution. Besides it helps in breaking the cycle of poverty, low productivity and stagnation. Problems of underdevelopment and backwardness of the LDCs emerged out of poor planning and overall misplacement of priorities. When attention is focused on the problems or plights of the rural folks, concentration would then be on the effects rather than on the causes which often rove around social and economic change without exception to political intrigues (Bassey and Edame, 1995).
Thus the vicious cycle of low level of output, low level of income, low level of savings and low level of investment clearly indicate an urgent need for credit assistance in one of rural investment. A large chunk of domestic resources which could have been saved financially were spent on the importation of food from abroad. In 1983/84 about 8m tones of grains were imported at an exorbitant cost emanating to some 30% of Agric export earnings (Edame, 2010).
Mobilizing rural savings viewed from an individual family level accords people a measure of independence and authority over their existence on earth which otherwise would have been difficult if all incomes had been consumed. Furthermore, savings mean capital, segmenting agricultural production through the purchase or provision of adequate implements and tools.
Savings mobilization in the rural areas has become increasingly difficult despite its latent but potential volume. Savings in the LDCs have mainly taken the traditional forms and patterns; mobilization becomes difficult as they are often more than not kept in various forms. In most cases, substantial parts of total household savings remain in non-monetary (physical goods) form. These forms of saving include agric procedures; the keeping of cattle or valuables through such items as jewelries, gold for personal prestige. Channeling of these domestic resources which is not of immediate use to the rural dwellers to other areas where they could be of immense use has become a serious problem altogether as a result of lack of an effective financial intermediation in the rural areas. Continuous transfer of funds from the rural areas is explained to a large extent by the high marginal rates of return on capital in urban areas and by the tendency of the landowners to seek investment opportunities in those areas.
The rural baking programme was initiated in 1977. It has as one of its objectives, the mobilization of savings and credits to the rural inhabitants. The programme failed to live up to its expectation. At the end of 1989, only a total number of 765 branches could be established during the three phased of the programme. Government, conscious of the deficiencies in the existing banking system and the need to further accelerate the pace of providing the desired banking services to the rural areas of the country established the people’s bank in 1989 and the community Bank in 1990. The structures and operation of the banks mainly funded by the government was not encouraging. Rather, the important aspect of savings mobilization was neglected and against this backdrop that this study was carried out
1.2 Statement Of Problem
Bank distresses are usually followed by unfavourable consequences on stake-holders outside the failed banks themselves. Sometimes the consequences are felt by the Non- banking system as a whole. A failure can result in much harm to employment, earnings, financial development and other associated public interest, some related cases in Nigeria.
Distress in the Banking Industry was first experienced in Nigeria between 1930 and 1950’s when some banks failed and were liquidated. As a matter of fact about 21 banks failed and were recorded in Nigeria between 1930 and 1958 when the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) was established. Examples of such banks are Alpha Merchant Bank, Financial Merchant Bank and Republic Bank (CBN statistical Bulletin, 1988). Smith and Walter (1997) noted that the failure of a bank has great adverse effect on the economy and so is considered very important.
The number of failing banks has been on the increase as reported around the world. Many important industrial nations have experienced upsetting bank failures such as the following:
Hersalt Bank in Germany and Credit Lyonnais in France reported in Smith and Walter (1997), Barings Bank in the United Kingdom reported in Gray (2001) and, Heffernan, (1996). The failure of banks and the related cost have also been emphasized that banking crisis generates loses to stakeholders by disturbing the settlement system, and ever has a systemic effect on the entire economy. Caprio and Klingebiel (1999) also present information of 114 episodes of banking crisis in 46 countries, with a focus on Nigerian Bank. The cost of the failure of banks differs from country to country. Different costs are included in total cost differently by each country. Examples of such cost are those related to corporate restructuring/re-capitalization of the banking system.
As regards the commercial banks, according to the official liquidator (CBN statistical bulletin 2000), the Nigerian government established a special method to ease the distress of depositors and affected employees of commercial banks. It cost the government 20 billion naira to respond to the interest of depositors and employees (CBN Bulletin, September 2001).
The concern about financial stability has been news worthy for a longtime, Hooks (1994). It is obvious that financial stability is an important topic to both developed and emerging market economies.
The cost burden associated with bank failures is so disturbing that the need for continued study of the causes of banking in stability, on both the practical and theoretical levels cannot be over-emphasized. There are many competing theories explaining the causes of bank failure. One theory attributes the failure to government intervention while another says it is due to some endogenous instability. A study by Kindleberger (1989, 1994) showed bank failure result from rapid expansion of bank credit. Some other causes of bank crisis include legislation, deposit “insurance, lack of skills, mismanagement, non-performing risk asset and lack of regulation Palubinskar and Stough (1999). Hemple and Simonson (1999) also believe that mismanagement, regulatory and legislative interference causes a bank failure. Chu (1996) identified free banking as a cause to bank failure.
In this study we test predictions of some causes of bank failure using information uniquely available in respect of Nigerian commercial banks. The mission of some commercial banks is to provide full commercial banking services and play a savings mobilization role. There corporate plan is to attract more institutions to do business with, to ensure maximum customer satisfaction and to become more competitive. The business objectives of commercial bank are export financing, business advisory services, support services.
1.3 Research Objectives
The main aim of this study is to assess the effect of bank distress on rural savings mobilization of banks. Specifically, the study seeks;
- To examine the mobilization of rural savings in Nigeria.
- Determine the factors militating against the mobilization of savings in Nigeria.
- To assess the role and contributions of the formal and informal financial sectors in the mobilization of savings in the rural area.
- To examine how banks distress affects banks rural savings mobilization in Nigeria
1.4 Research Questions
- What is the extent of mobilization of rural savings in Nigeria?
- What are the factors militating against the mobilization of savings in Nigeria?
- What is the role and contributions of the formal and informal financial sectors in the mobilization of savings in the rural area?
- How does banks distress affects banks rural savings mobilization in Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The hypotheses to be tested in this research are:
- That the interest – elasticity of gross domestic rural savings mobilization is positive but not very significant.
- That the level of disposal income (income elasticity) is positive and highly significant in determining gross domestic rural savings in Nigeria.
- That savings is a function of income and the propensity to save of profit earners (SPE) is higher than that of wage – earners (SWE). As a result, the overall saving ratio of the community depends on the distribution of income.
1.6 Significance Of The Study
The Banking Sector has been relied upon by many household, small savers and industrialists to provide their financial assistance at one time or the other. While it is expected that they do this very well, banks have fallen short-off expectations in this respect due to fraud, mismanagement, inexperience and the initial absence of regulatory laws and authorities. People lost their trust and confidence in the banking system, which the government couldn’t afford. This study will provide results and draw inference on the effect of bank distress on banks rural savings mobilization.
Chapter Five
5.0 Conclusion And Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
The key motives to use deposit facilities are the safety and security of the savings, easy and immediate access, and a positive real return. It is commonly agreed that poor people have a significant capacity to save, proven by the existence of various informal savings mechanisms found throughout the world and by a few recent empirical studies. It is further understood that many people, particularly in rural households, are obliged to save during certain times of the year, such as harvest, in order to compensate for periods when their income is drastically reduced, such as the dry season. It is widely accepted that though only a certain number of people will need credit at any given time, virtually all people will need to save at any given time. We can therefore conclude that poor people will deposit their savings in a financial institution if an appropriate institutional structure and appropriate savings products exist to the depositor’s mix of savings needs.
In assessing the impact of bank distress on rural savings mobilization of banks, it is an undeniable fact that it has improved upon its mode of savings mobilization and credit allocation tremendously since the year 2004 to 2011. The study also indicated that there was a positive relationship between savings and credits. What is left is for the bank to extend their outreach as well as the size of credits to make their impact on the rural banking concept more meaningful in reducing poverty and for national development.
It is finally hoped that findings from this research study will go a long way for developing a future policy frame work for rural savings mobilization in the state and Nigeria in general. And that it will go a long way to fill in the gap in the existing literature on savings and investment in the country.
5.2 Recommendation
Rural savings mobilization plays an important role in development of rural economics of the less developed economies. As a result of the importance attached to saving mobilization the following policy recommendations are made:
- For effective rural savings mobilization to take place, certain incentives to savings in the form of gifts, business lottery prizes and tax exemptions on the purchase of government bonds should be given to savers in the area.
- Since higher rate of interest by financial institutions brings about greater inducement to savers to increase their savings and supply more funds; it is recommended that the rural banks in the area should increase their rate of interest to investors and savers so as to induce them to increase their savings and supply for more funds to the banks since Interest is that inducement or reward to the savers.
- In every country, there is a certain volume of funds which is borrowed and lent; these funds are known as loanable funds or investible funds. Since the rate of interest is the price paid for the use of capital, it is therefore recommended that more financial institutions be established in the study area, apart from the two banks under investigation (Union Bank and People Bank) by so doing it would give room for healthy competition among the banks in the area, thereby increasing their interest rate to savers and investors respectively.
- Further policy implication of the study is that the government or the monetary authority should maintain the equality of saving and investment and they could do so by making the market rate of interest equal to the natural rate. In case the economy suffers from business depression and unemployment, the rate of interest should be reduced, investment should be expanded and the volume of money supply should be increased. This will push up prices, production, employment, etc., and the business depression will be checked.


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