Awareness Of Risk Factors Of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Students Of Government Secondary School Owerri, Imo State

Awareness Of Risk Factors Of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Students Of Government Secondary School Owerri, Imo State
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the awareness of risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State. The study was specifically set to determine the level of students’ knowledge towards sexually transmitted infections, assess the awareness of the risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State, and assess the awareness of the implications of STDs among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 160 respondents and 141 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables and mean scores. While the hypotheses were tested using Chi- square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that the level of students’ knowledge towards sexually transmitted infections is low. Furthermore, the study revealed that the risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State includes: having multiple sexual partners, blood transfusion, having unprotected sex, engaging in oral sex, engaging in anal sex, and sharing sharp object with an infected person. Therefore, it is recommended that there is need to organise functional literacy programmes for porters to build their capacity in basic literacy and numeracy so they can identify and understand some basic STI issues and behave appropriately towards infection prevention. To mention but few.
Table of Content
- Title Page
- Certification
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Content
- List of Tables
- Abstract
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypothesis
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Limitation of the Study
- 1.9 Definition of Terms
- 1.10 Organisations of the Study
Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample Size Determination
- 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
- 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Validity of the Study
- 3.9 Reliability of the Study
- 3.10 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.1 Data Presentation
- 4.2 Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Answering Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendation
- References
- APPENDIX
- QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
STIs are a significant and increasing public health concern worldwide. The global number of new cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and syphilis in women and men aged 15–49 increased from 333 million cases in 1995 to 357 million in 2012.1 Declining age at first sexual intercourse and inconsistent condom use have been proposed as possible explanations for the increase in STIs.2 STIs are synergistic, meaning that acquiring one can increase the likelihood of acquiring others, including HIV.3 Although most STIs can be cured by timely and effective treatment, many are asymptomatic or go undetected.4 Untreated cases of some STIs may lead to serious complications, including cervical cancer, ectopic pregnancy, sepsis, inflammation of the epididymis or testis, infertility, and penile or anal cancer.5,6
Around one-third of new STIs occur among youth (ages 15–24).7 Young people are often viewed as being too immature to make the right decisions on important sexual health–related aspects of their lives (e.g., timing their first sexual experience, choosing their sexual partners, obtaining contraceptives). Therefore, parents, caretakers, health care providers and teachers are expected to monitor youths’ decisions about sexual and reproductive health.8 These key adults in youths’ lives, however, often adhere to sociocultural norms about sexuality.8 These norms and expectations regarding sexuality often create barriers to sexual health promotion efforts and limit young people’s access to services. Youth who transgress these norms may experience a high level of stigma, which may lead them to hide their sexual activities and avoid care and treatment for STIs.8–10
Although it is unclear whether increasing knowledge about STIs would reduce risky behaviors, such knowledge is still considered an important part of sexual health education.2,21,22 Considering the decreasing age at sexual debut, the rising age at marriage and the introduction of coeducation (men and women attending classes together) at the university level, nursing students should be provided with information about the risks associated with unsafe sexual practices. Sexual health education programs tailored to unmarried youth are limited and no training on sexual health–related topics exists in the school curriculum.19,23,24 Indeed, in keeping with cultural sensitivities, the promotion of abstinence has been the main theme of most sexual health education efforts. Youth’s exposure to sexual health information is mainly through mandatory premarital courses; a one-credit, undergraduate-level course on family planning (recently suspended as a result of a shift in policies aimed at increasing the national fertility rate25); or the media (e.g., a few documentaries on national television that have discussed HIV and STIs).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
It has been proved that sexual promiscuity is on the rise among youths, particularly those in universities nursing students, engage in unsafe sexual activities, and this raises their risks of developing sexually transmitted diseases or infections (Ogunbanjo, 2012). It is no longer an ancient legend regarding the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), as it used to be demoted as superstitious. Sexually transmitted diseases exist, much as the famous tagline “AIDS is real,” but the issue is that youths, particularly universities nursing students in undeveloped country, who engage in sexual activities seem to have little or no knowledge about STDs or the proper awarness toward them (Mati, 2015).
In a drive to explore and experiment with sex and its connected activities, youths, appear hide in absolute ignorance about the presence, symptoms, mechanism of transmission, control and correct attitude towards sexually transmitted diseases (Hamilton, 2012). However, ignorance, they argued, is not a justification for the terrible consequences of acquiring STDs. Sequel to the previous remark, this research is focused on examine the awareness of sexually transmitted infections among students nurses.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The overall aim of this study is to critically analyse awareness of risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State. Specifically, the study aims at the following:
- Determine the level of students’ knowledge towards sexually transmitted infections.
- Assess the awareness of the risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State
- Assess the awareness of the implications of STDs among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State
1.4 Research Question
The study will be guided by the following questions;
- What are the level of students’ knowledge towards sexually transmitted infections?
- What are the risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State?
- What are the implications of STDs among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
- Ha: The level of students’ knowledge towards sexually transmitted infections is high.
- Ho: The level of students’ knowledge towards sexually transmitted infections is low.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study if published will be of immense benefits to the ministry of Education, teachers, parents, curriculum developers and the general public.
It is hoped that the findings of this study will spur the Federal Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education to articulate effective programmes on sex education for Students. It is hoped that these ministries will train and equip peer educators who will further educate students on the right knowledge and attitude towards sexually transmitted diseases; steering through it’s related health hazards and consequences.
The study will also help teachers, lecturers and counselors to know and acknowledge students knowledge and attitude to sexually transmitted diseases and how best they can help students in the area of sexuality.
The result of the study will help to reawaken parents and teachers on their roles in educating the adolescents on sexual matters. It will at the same time help to challenge our adolescents to healthy sexual relationships in order to avoid contacting HIV virus and STDs, unwanted pregnancies and abortion among others.
To the general public, it is hoped that the findings of this study will; and especially Elders and the Clergy, they would also acknowledge their personal dispositions to guard the adolescents in words and action towards wholesome attitude and knowledge to sexually transmitted diseases.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study is structured to generally analysis the awareness of sexually transmitted infections among students nurses. Hence, this study will be delimited to government secondary school Owerri, Imo State
1.8. Limitations of the Study
In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents.
In addition, there was the element of researcher bias. Here, the researcher possessed some biases that may have been reflected in the way the data was collected, the type of people interviewed or sampled, and how the data gathered was interpreted thereafter. The potential for all this to influence the findings and conclusions could not be downplayed.
More so, the findings of this study are limited to the sample population in the study area, hence they may not be suitable for use in comparison to other schools, local governments, states, and other countries in the world.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Sexual behaviour:
This is a process by which humans and other animals demonstrate and/or express sexuality.
Pre-marital sex:
This is any sexual activity with an opposite sex partner or with same sex partner before he/she has started a marriage life.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs):
Theses are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact.
1.10 Organizations of the Study
The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, abnd selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings on awareness of risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.
5.2 Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was to examine the awareness of risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State. Specifically the study was set to determine the level of students’ knowledge towards sexually transmitted infections, assess the awareness of the risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State, and assess the awareness of the implications of STDs among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 141 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents are students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State.
5.3 Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher made the following conclusion
- The level of students’ knowledge towards sexually transmitted infections is low.
- The risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State includes: having multiple sexual partners, blood transfusion, having unprotected sex, engaging in oral sex, engaging in anal sex, and sharing sharp object with an infected person.
- The implications of STDs among students of government secondary school Owerri, Imo State includes: infertility, ectopic pregnancy, increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, stigmatization, and pregnancy complications
5.4 Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.
- There is need to organise functional literacy programmes for porters to build their capacity in basic literacy and numeracy so they can identify and understand some basic STI issues and behave appropriately towards infection prevention.
- There is a need to implement comprehensive adolescent and young people’s friendly health services to increase students’ access to sexual and reproductive health information and services.
- There is a need to ensure that control programs redirect efforts at sexual behaviors that put young people at greater risk of STIs, and target the youths before their sexual debut.
- Health-care workers should educate female students and their male partners on the need for them to seek for help concerning their sexual health issues.

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