Awareness And Practice Of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Female Undergraduate Of College Of Business And Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic

Awareness And Practice Of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Female Undergraduate Of College Of Business And Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic

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The aim of this study is to assess the awareness and practice of cervical cancer screening amongst female undergraduates in College of Business, Kaduna State Polytechnic. Three specific objectives and research questions guided the study. This study adopted a quantitative survey design. The target population for this study comprised of 80 female undergraduates. The major instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using tables showing frequency and percentage. The study revealed that 56(70%) of the respondents have heard of cervical cancer screening while 24(30%) have not. About 10(12.5%) of the respondents heard of cervical cancer screening from relatives, 12(15%) from radio/television, 26(32.5%) from a health professional, 8(10%) from a friend and 24(30%) ticked none of the above. On the level of acceptability of cervical cancer screening, findings reveal that only 8(10%) of the respondents have done a cervical cancer screening test while 72(90%) have not. 28(35%) of the respondents would like to do a cervical screening test while 52(65%) refused.

Lastly, findings on the barriers to cervical cancer screening amongst female undergraduates above shows that the most common barrier to cervical cancer screening is lack of funds (31.2%), followed by religious belief (26.2%), and ignorance (26.3%); with the least common given as lack of spouse support (16.3%). The study concluded that awareness concerning this issue should be created which will include health education, identification of those at risk as well as providing free medical outreach to cover screening costs. It was recommended that knowledge of cervical cancer screening be improved through health education and health promotion programs.

Table of Content

Chapter One

1.0 Introduction

• 1.1 Background to the Study
• 1.2 Statement of the Problem
• 1.3 Objectives of the Study
• 1.4 Research Question
• 1.5 Research Hypothesis
• 1.6 Significance of the Study
• 1.7 Scope of Study
• 1.8 Limitation of the Study
• 1.9 Definition of Terms
• 1.10 Organisation of the Study

Chapter Two

2.0 Literature Review

• 2.1 Conceptual Framework
• 2.2 Cervical Cancer Screening
• 2.3 Theoretical Review
• 2.4 Empirical Review

Chapter Three

3.0 Research Methodology

• 3.1 Research Design
• 3.2 Research Setting
• 3.3 Target Population
• 3.4 Sampling
• 3.5 Instruments for Data Collection
• 3.6 Method of Data Collection
• 3.7 Method of Data Analysis

Chapter Four

4.0 Results and Discussion

• 4.1 Result
• 4.2 Discussion of Findings

Chapter Five

5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

• 5.1 Summary
• 5.2 Conclusion
• 5.3 Recommendation
• References
• Appendix

Chapter One

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

Cervical cancer is the most common malignancies among females worldwide especially in women of 20–39 years of age (Arbyn, Weiderpass, Bruni, de Sanjosé, Saraiya, Ferlay, & Bray, 2019). It ranks third among the most common cancers affecting women the world over with an estimated 529,000 new cases in 2008, 85% of which were recorded in the developing world (Arbyn, et al., 2019). Cervical cancer contributes to 20 to 25% of all cancers among women in sub-Saharan Africa, about twice the percentage in women worldwide. In spite of the fact that cervical cancer is preventable, the incidence is expected to increase to almost double the current rate by 2025 (Toye, Okunade, Roberts, Salako, Oridota, &Onajole, 2017). Cervical cancer continues to cause the deaths of almost 270,000 women worldwide each year. About 87% of these occurred in developing countries, particularly in the rural areas. Its incidence in the Sub-Saharan African countries ranges from 30 to 40 per 100,000women (Toye, et al., 2017). In Nigeria, cervical cancer kills one woman every hour and over 9000 women every year (Okunade, Nwogu, Oluwole, &Anorlu, 2017). This knowledge forms part of the basis for designing successful preventive strategies. Risk factors for HPV infection and subsequent cervical cancer include early age of first sexual exposure, multiple sexual partners, smoking and immunosuppression. Although the mean age of diagnosis is 50 years, women as young as 17 years can also develop the disease with the highest risk group being 25-49 years. Conventionally, Pap smear, combined with treatment of cervical pre-cancerous lesions and early-stage cancer, has been successful in preventing up to 80% of invasive cervical cancer cases in the developed world (Valenti, Vitale, Tropea, Biondi, &Laganà, 2017).

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the development of nearly all cases of cervical cancer; sexually transmitted human papilloma virus infection leads to the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer (Cox, 2016). HPV is spread through sexual contact and although most women’s bodies can fight the infection, sometimes the virus leads to the development of cervical cancer. HPV types 16 and 18 cause 70% of cervical cancer cases, whereas types 6 and 11 cause 90% of genital warts cases. During persistent HPV infection, precancerous changes may be detected in the cervix, that is, readily detectable changes occur in the cells lining the surface of the cervix, therefore early detection and treatment of these changes is an effective strategy for the prevention of cervical cancer and forms the basis of cervical screening programmes (Cox, 2016). Women with many sexual partners, and those whose partners have had many sexual consorts, or have been previously exposed to the virus, are most at risk of developing the disease (Eze, Umeora, Obuna, Egwuatu, &Ejikeme, 2017).

In developing countries, however, high rates of cervical cancer mortality still persist due to lack of effective screening programs and low uptake of Pap smear testing (Cuzick, Arbyn, Sankaranarayanan, Tsu, Ronco, Mayrand, & Meijer, 2018). Newer technologies such as the HPV/DNA test (QIAGEN, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), cervicovaginal self-sampling, and HPV vaccination have the potential to increase screening and reduce cervical cancer in developing countries. However, awareness about new screening and cervical cancer prevention methods remains low among most women, with studies recording almost no awareness of HPV infection, HPV screening and adolescent vaccination for the prevention of future disease (Schiffman, Wentzensen, Wacholder, Kinney, Gage, & Castle, 2016). Furthermore, WHO (2018) asserted that cervical cancer remains a major public health problem. The report further indicates that approximately 500 women develop cervical cancer and 274 deaths occur each year from cervical cancer in developing countries. More than 80% of the world’s new cases and deaths due to cervical cancer occur in the developing world and less than 5%women in these settings are never screened for cervical cancer even once in their life time (Arbyn et al., 2019). Possible reasons for a low participation in cervical cancer screening include; ignorance of the existence of such test, ignorance of importance of screening or lack of risk awareness and the risk factors to the development of cervical cancer, absence of symptoms and lack of awareness of centers where such services are obtainable, and lack of motivation to get screened (Riza, Karakosta, Tsiampalis, Lazarou, Karachaliou, Ntelis, &Psaltopoulou, 2019).

This study is therefore aimed to determine the awareness and practice of cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The level of awareness and utilization of cervical cytology services among women in Nigeria is unclear as there is no reliable population – based cancer registry or prevention program databases, and very few regional – based studies have been reported in the country (Toye et al., 2017). A Sub Saharan African meta analytic review revealed that the gender of service provider and violation of privacy as a barrier to utilization of cervical cancer screening services as a major reason for low uptake of cervical cancer screening as well some Nigerian studies too (Kangmennaang, Onyango, Luginaah, & Elliott, 2018). There is no policy for cervical cancer screening and vaccination and HPV vaccination is not yet included in the immunization schedule in most states. Another study carried out among market women in Zaria revealed that they will prefer to be attended by female health providers than their male counterparts (Ahmed, Sabitu, Idris, & Ahmed, 2017). Based on this lack of studies done on cervical cancer screening, the situation warrants a detailed study on the awareness and practice of cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to determine the awareness and practice of cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic. Specifically, the following objectives will guide the study;

1. To assess the level of awareness of cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic.
2. To assess the level of practice of cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic.
3. To identify barriers to cervical cancer screening service undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the level of cervical cancer awareness amongst female undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic?
2. What is the level of practice of cervical cancer screening amongst female undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic?
3. What are the barriers to cervical cancer screening amongst female undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

• HO1: There is no significant relationship between level of awareness and practice of cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic
• HA1: There is a significant relationship between level of awareness and practice of cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate of College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic

1.6 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study may have far-reaching effects on female students on the knowledge and acceptability of cervical cancer screening. It is thus hoped that the result of this study would help to increase awareness and suggest appropriate interventions to foster improved screening among women and also encourage females to vaccinate against cervical cancer.

1.7 Scope of Study

The study will be conducted in College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic. The respondents that will be used are the female undergraduates in the institution.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

In the process of carrying out the current study, the researcher encountered some limitations. Firstly, since the focus of this study was on female undergraduates in College of Business and Management Studies, Kaduna Polytechnic, the conclusions drawn from this study cannot be generalized to other populations or areas. Secondly, the researcher faced time constraints and financial constraints.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Cervical Cancer:

Cervical cancer is a cancer of the cervix or neck of the uterus.

Screening:

Screening is a test used to try and detect a disease when there is little or no evidence that a person has a disease.

Pap Smear:

Pap smear is the cytological gynecologic test that examines the structure, function, pathology and chemistry of the cell.

Knowledge:

Information, understanding, or skill that you get from experience or education.

Awareness:

The state of being aware of something.

Acceptability:

Acceptability is a state of welcoming something or acknowledging something.

1.10 Organisation of the Study

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding it is broken down as follows:Chapter one kicks off with the introduction, which consists of the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research hypothesis, scope and significance of the study.

Chapter two begins with the conceptual framework on which the study is based, the theoretical literatures and also the empirical literature and thus the review of related literature.Chapter three deals on the research design, the population of the state used as a case study, the sample size and the sampling techniques used, the data collected, data analysis and the limitations of the method used.

Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis, interpretation and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

Chapter Five

5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary of the Study

The primary objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge and acceptability of cervical cancer screening amongst female undergraduates College of Business, Kadunna Polytechnic. A quantitative survey design and 80 female undergraduates in the institution were recruited for the study. A questionnaire was developed according to the objectives of the study to guide in the generation of information. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and the research question were analyzed using simple frequency and percentage.

Findings reveals that 56(70%) of the respondents have heard of cervical cancer screening while 24(30%) have not. About 10(12.5%) of the respondents heard of cervical cancer screening from relatives, 12(15%) from radio/television, 26(32.5%) from a health professional, 8(10%) from a friend and 24(30%) ticked none of the above. Most of the respondents see cervical cancer screening as a test done to check for cancer cells on the cervix, some others are of the opinion that it is a test women do, others believe that it is a test anybody can do while the rest answered that they do not know.

On the level of acceptability of cervical cancer screening, findings reveal that only 8(10%) of the respondents have done a cervical cancer screening test while 72(90%) have not. 28(35%) of the respondents would like to do a cervical screening test while 52(65%) refused. Lastly, findings on the barriers to cervical cancer screening amongst female undergraduates above shows that the most common barrier to cervical cancer screening is lack of funds (31.2%), followed by religious belief (26.2%), and ignorance (26.3%); with the least common given as lack of spouse support (16.3%).

5.2 Conclusion

From the findings, knowledge of cervical cancer screening was fair among the respondents. The research also revealed that the acceptance and practice of cervical cancer screening is poor. Ignorance, lack of funds and religious belief are the major barriers of cervical cancer screening. The findings of this study have obvious implications on the level of knowledge and acceptance of cervical cancer screening. It implies that although there is fair knowledge of cervical cancer screening, the acceptability and practice is relatively low. Therefore, awareness concerning this issue should be created which will include health education, identification of those at risk as well as providing free medical outreach to cover screening costs.

5.3 Recommendations

The following recommendations were made based on the findings of the study;

First, knowledge of cervical cancer screening seems to be fair but can be improved through health education and health promotion programs. Females of child bearing ages should be targeted in hospitals, schools and other social gatherings.

Second, since the acceptability and practice of cervical cancer screening is poor, programs should be put in place to tackle the barriers of cervical cancer screening. Health education and health promotion programs will improve knowledge thereby reducing and partly religious beliefs. Health insurance schemes can be adjusted to cover such tests as this will help reduce the cost of the screening. Spouses can also be health educated to better understand the procedures and give their support.

Lastly, the health facilities should include cervical cancer screening in the general tests done for the women to further boost their practice and encourage them to recommend same freely while addressing the barriers such as high costs and ignorance.

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