Assessment Of Knowledge And Attitudes Of Internally Displaced Persons Towards Cholera Prevention And Control

Assessment Of Knowledge And Attitudes Of Internally Displaced Persons Towards Cholera Prevention And Control
Abstract
This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of internally displaced persons towards cholera prevention and control. Ex-post facto research design was used. The respondents used for the purpose of data collection were four hundred (400) sampled from a population of 271,690 internally displaced persons in Katsina State Nigeria. The respondents were drawn through multistage sampling technique, which consisted of stratified, simple random sampling and proportionate sampling techniques. The findings of the study revealed that knowledge of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State of Nigeria was significantly adequate (t = 3.070; p= 0.001), practice of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina state of Nigeria was not significant (t=1.291; p= 0.110), internally displaced persons in Katsina State of Nigeria do not significantly differ in their knowledge of cholera prevention strategies based on demographic characteristics(p = 0.17, 0.21, 0.10)and internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria do not significantly differ in their practices of cholera prevention strategies based on demographic characteristics (0.7, 0.5, 0.1). However, it was, recommended that: government should put in place adequate measures within the IDP camp to checkmate and control the healthy practices of internally displaced person this include provision of hand washing sink, provision of safe drinking water, supervising the canting, provision of charts and notice board within the IDP camp and adequate use of latrine by internally displaced persons.
Table of Content
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Purpose of the Study
- 1.4 Objectives of the Study
- 1.5 Research Questions
- 1.6 Hypotheses
- 1.7 Significance of the Study
- 1.8 Basic Assumptions
- 1.9 Delimitations of the Study
Chapter Two:
Literature Review
- 2.1 Conceptual Review
- 2,2 Theoretical Review
- 2.3 Empirical studies
- 2.4 Summary of Reviewed Literature
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques
- 3.4 Instrumentation
- 3.5 Validity of Research Instrument
- 3.7 Procedure for Data Collection
- 3.8 Procedure for Data Analysis
Chapter Four:
Data Analysis and Result Presentation
- 4.1 Data Analysis
- 4.2 Answering Research Questions
Chapter Five:
Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Major findings of this study are
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendations
- 5.5 Suggestions for Future Research
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Cholera is an acute diarrhoea disease that is caused by the bacterium called vibrio cholera, it is an infection of the small intestine caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium vibrio cholera. According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2015),cholera has continued to be a global threat to public health and is a key indicator of lack of social development such as human biological development (WHO, 2015). The disease used to be a global health problem, but the developed countries over the years have overcome the challenge now leaving the disease largely confined to developing countries especially in the tropics and subtropics.
It is endemic in Africa, part of Asia, Middle East, South and Central America (Chiyangwa, 2017).
Usman (2017), believed that Borno,Yobe, Zamfara, Bauchi,Kano and Katsina states of Nigeria are the ‗most affected‘ States in Nigeria with cholera, most parts of the state and its environs are partially or wholly hit by cholera. The situation may have improved but still most of the Northern states rely on hand dug wells, ponds and streams for their sources of drinking water which may be contaminated and putting the community members at risk of contracting the disease. Usually, other source of contamination is through other cholera infected patients when their untreated diarrheal discharge is allowed to get into water supplies (Igomu, 2018). Today, it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Northern parts of Nigeria, where it is a marker for inadequate drinking water and sanitation infrastructure (Usman, 2017). These deplorable situations are not only unique to Northern parts of Nigeria, but exist in most African Countries.
Sanitation among Internally displaced persons is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the infected wastes. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, and grey water), industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes. Inadequate sanitation among Internally displaced persons is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities (Utsalo, 2018)
In response to cholera outbreak, the Katsina State government and partner agencies initiated emergency public health response activities which is aimed at treating suspected cholera cases, preventing new ones and preparing for the outbreak (Pam, 2017). Response activities included mass media, cholera campaigns through radio and hygiene promotion activities by community health workers, and unlimited administration of oral cholera vaccine (OCV). Prevention efforts focused on internally displaced persons‘ settlements in Katsina state and poorer neighborhoods of the state where information regarding cholera knowledge, dissemination of cholera information and prevention was limited (Pam, 2017).Smith (2017) stated that knowledge is a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. When knowledge is related to prevention of cholera, it is called knowledge of cholera prevention. Knowledge towards cholera prevention as in this study refers to the most common learning and how to remember ways of preventing cholera and the level of available information about cholera prevention.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
An ideal environment in Europe, Asia, and other developed and developing nations of the world including Nigeria and Katsina State in particular should always be free from cholera outbreak. The inhabitant should have adequate and sufficient knowledge of cholera, its symptoms and prevention measures.
In Nigeria, outbreaks of cholera have been occurring with increasing frequency since the first outbreak in 1970. Since then, cholera has continued to cause high mortality in humans. The outbreak of cholera is mostly common in the following Northern States Kaduna, Bauchi, Zamfara, Kano and Katsina of Nigeria killing close to
200 people within a week when the outbreak occur. In Kano State, a total of 5,600 cholera cases and 340 deaths were recorded in 2006 (Ministry of Health, 2006). In 2018,Cholera outbreak was declared in Yobe State, North East Nigeria by the state ministry of health, two weeks after a cholera outbreak was declared in Borno state. The cumulative number of recorded cases in both states are 3126 including 97 deaths. In Yobe State, 989 cases of suspected cholera were recorded in five local government area including 61 death as at 2018. A total of 2137 cases of suspected cholera cases have been recorded in eight (8) local government area including thirty six (36) death in Borno State in 2018 (Ministry of Health,2018). The outbreak of cholera in Katsina state is largely attributed to drinking water sold by street water vendors and failure to wash hand with soap before meals were taken.
The researcher observed that the persons infected with cholera might be as a result of poor knowledge and bad practices of cholera prevention strategies which might involve Internally displaced persons, also overcrowding, dirty environment, unhygienic food and water are likely causes of cholera among internally displaced persons.
Most of the boreholes in the communities are not functional, the wells are left uncovered and the environment not sanitized. Cholera spreads in many ways, in IDP CAMPs, internally displaced persons buy food from food vendors, most food vendors do not cover their food, exposing it to flies that might be carrying the cholera causing bacteria. Eating such food can cause cholera, many governments has a lot of internally displaced person but very few toilet to care for them, in addition, the toilets are not used properly nor are they cleaned frequently, making them a breeding ground for vibrocholerae. If one internally displaced person with cholera use them, flies comes into contact with their excreta and then lands on food, this could start a cholera outbreak in IDP camps. Many governments also have poor disposal of refuse; waste create a breeding ground for the bacteria that causes cholera. Unfortunately, government internally displaced persons dispose waste carelessly.
The researcher observed that some IDP camps do not have access to clean, safe drinking water, and some do not have satisfactory facilities for safe disposal of human waste. It is against this background that, the researcher became motivated to study the knowledge and practice towards cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes of internally displaced persons towards cholera prevention and control.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The specific purposes of the study are to assess:
- The knowledge of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria.
- The practice of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria.
- The difference of demographic characteristics (gender, age and class) on the knowledge of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria.
- The difference of demographic characteristics (gender, age and class) on the practice of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria.
1.5 Research Questions
The following research questions were raised to guide this study:
- What is the knowledge of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria?
- What is the practice of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria?
- Will internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria differ in their knowledge of cholera prevention strategies base on demographic characteristics (gender, age and class)?
- Will internally displaced persons in Katsina State differ in their practices of cholera prevention strategies base on demographic characteristics (gender, age and class)?
1.7 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study would improve the knowledge of internally displaced persons in Katsina State as regards to cholera prevention because it would create awareness to internally displaced persons and the society at large on causes of cholera and preventive measure. The finding would also correct the possible negative practice of internally displaced persons towards cholera prevention. This study would encourage internally displaced persons to intensify effort towards preventing cholera outbreak because it would motivate individual internally displaced person to improve in the practice of personal hygiene.
1.8 Basic Assumptions
The basic assumptions of this study were assumed to be as follows:
- Internally displaced persons in Katsina State have adequate knowledge on cholera prevention strategies.
- Knowledge of cholera prevention will influence desirable practices of internally displaced persons in Katsina state.
- Demographic characteristics will differ in the knowledge of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State.
- Demographic characteristics will differ in practice of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State.
1.9 Delimitations of the Study
This study was delimited to;
- The knowledge of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria.
- The practice of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria.
- The difference of demographic characteristics (gender, age and class) on the knowledge of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria.
- The difference of demographic characteristics (gender, age and class) on the practice of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Major findings of this study are:
- Knowledge of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina State Nigeria was significant (t = 3.070; p= 0.001).
- Practice of cholera prevention strategies among internally displaced persons in Katsina state Nigeria was not significant (t=1.291; p= 0.110).
- Internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria did not significantly differ in their knowledge of cholera prevention strategies based on demographic characteristics (p = 0.17, 0.21 and 0.10).
- Internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria do not significantly differ to their practice of cholera prevention strategies based on demographic characteristics (0.7, 0.5 and 0.1).
5.2 Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn;
- Internally displaced persons in Katsina State Nigeria have knowledge of cholera prevention strategies (p = 0.001).
- Internally displaced persons in Katsina State Nigeria do not adequately practice cholera prevention strategies (p = 0.110).
- Demographic characteristics of internally displaced persons in Katsina State, Nigeria did not significantly differ in their knowledge of cholera prevention strategies(p = 0.17).
- Demographic characteristics of junior secondary government internally displaced person in Katsina State Nigeria do not significantly differ in their practice of cholera prevention strategies(p = 0.70).
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the conclusions of this study, the following recommendations are made:
- The government should be encouraged to continue sensitize internally displaced person on the knowledge of cholera though teaching of health education in IDP camps.
- Government should put in place adequate measures within the IDP camp to checkmate and control the healthy practices of internally displaced person this include provision of hand washing sink, provision of safe drinking water, supervise the canting, provision of charts and notice board within the IDP camp and adequate latrine
- Government through the ministry of health should create awareness program on the danger of cholera for the internally displaced persons in general irrespective of gender, class or religion via mass media, campaigns, and seminars.
- Government authority should always consider the Demographic characteristics of internally displaced persons internally displaced person in order to achieve cholera free-state.
5.5 Suggestions for Future Research
Further studies should be conducted on the following:
- Determinant of cholera prevention strategies among primary government pupils (North West, South South, South East and North Central).
- Comparative study on the factors influencing the increase of cholera outbreak among internally displaced persons.


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