Assessment Of Challenges Associated With Infertility Among Married Women Attending Gynecological Clinic At Specialist Hospital Bauchi

Assessment Of Challenges Associated With Infertility Among Married Women Attending Gynecological Clinic At Specialist Hospital Bauchi

Abstract

This study was carried out to the assess the challenges associated with infertility among married women attending gynecological clinic at specialist hospital Bauchi. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of married women attending gynecological clinic at specialist hospital Bauchi. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 70 respondents and all were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables. The result of the findings reveals that Infertility result to marital dissatisfaction among married women. The study also revealed that married women experiences abusive treatment from spouse as a result of infertility. it was further discovered that married women experiences physical and mental health challenges as a result of infertility. To mention but a few. Therefore, it is recommended that mass enlightenment of the public could help increase the knowledge of the causes of infertility among involuntary childless couples and also reduce feeling of inferiority complex among childless couples. And most of the childless women have financial problems to receive medical treatments. Government should give due attention in developing short term plans and programs that create affordable and accessible medical treatments for infertility and that guarantee old age security for the socially disadvantaged elderly childless women.

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Reproduction is known as an essential human desire so that infertility may cause a great deal of psychosocial impairment [Khodakarami, and Hashemi, 2009]. According to WHO, infertility is defined as a disease of the reproductive system in which pregnancy does not occur after 1 year of continued intercourse [Masearenhas, and Flaxma, 2012]. Infertility is considered as a global concern which affects many aspects of life in both genders [Sumera, and Raafay, 2010]. The rates even go up to 186 million people around the world [Inhorn, and Patrizio, 2015].Infertility may work as a painful emotional experience [Dural,&Yasa, 2016]. It can cause a lot of psychological issues including stress, anxiety, depression, diminished self-esteem,declined sexual satisfaction, and reduced quality of life [Kamel &Remah, 2010]. The resulted psychosocial issues affect the female gender adversely more than her spouse [Patrizio, 2015], especially in societies where there are prejudices against women [Balen, and Bos, 2009]. As such, an infertile woman may show a relatively high level of frustration and anger which affect her relationship with family, friends and even her spouse. Likewise, infertile women are more likely to develop mental illnesses, marital dissatisfaction, and impaired quality of life compared to the individuals of fertile group [ Farrokh and Eslamlou, 2014]. Attitudes toward women’s infertility are often influenced by ethnic and cultural groups [Aliyeh, and Laya, 2007]. In the eastern societies, the community mainly expects women to play a role as a mother. Thiswill cause many psychosocial concerns and many other challenges if pregnancy does not occur for any reason [ Choobfroushzadeh, 2013]. Therefore, more studies are required among eastern societies to reveal the impact of social, cultural and individual factors on an infertile woman’s quality of life [Daniluk, 2002].

Furthermore, while the infertility is not a disease, it and its treatment can affect all aspects of women’s lives, which can cause various health, psychological, and emotional disorders or consequences including turmoil, frustration, depression, anxiety, hopelessness, guilt, and feelings of worthlessness in life (Maroufizadeh, 2015). For instance, a quantitative study in Iran revealed that infertility treatment is amongst the most stressful factors for the infertile women (Ghaheri, 2015). However, according to Isiugo-Abanihe, (1998), infertility can be wholly accepted and managed by the couple as a marital challenge in their enduring love but pressure from society/extended family weaken the relationship. In line with the above, this study is focused on unveiling the challenges associated with infertility among married women.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

There is increasing recognition in the social science literature that infertility is a devastating problem for women, particularly in the high-fertility context of sub-Saharan Africa. Regardless of the medical causes of infertility, women in most African societies suffer grief, social stigma, ostracism and often serious economic deprivation. There is ample documentation that the consequences of infertility are borne primarily by women, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. As Inhorn (1994, 1996) has shown for Egypt, in most of these cultures women receive the major blame for reproductive mishaps. For example, Feldman-Savelsberg (1999) reports that in Cameroon infertility is grounds for divorce among the Bangangte, causing a woman to lose her access to her husband’s land. Infertile women are treated as outcasts and their bodies are buried on the outskirts of the town among the Ekiti Yoruba of Nigeria (Ademola, 1982). Women undoubtedly contain various challenges in the surface of infertility, and those challenges can be subjected to husbands belief and cultural values, family influence, the society etc. In the light of these, this study seek to investigate the challenges women face in the course of infertility.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The overall aim of this study is to critically assess the challenges associated with infertility among married women attending gynecological clinic at specialist hospital Bauchi. Hence, the study will be channeled to the following specific objectives;

1. Determine whether infertility results to marital dissatisfaction among married women.
2. Determine whether married women experience abusive treatment from spouse as a result of infertility.
3. Determine whether married women experience physical and mental health challenges as a result of infertility.
4. Ascertain whether married women experience the termination of marriage as result of infertility.
5. Ascertain whether married women experience impaired quality of life due to the challenges associated with infertility.

1.4 Research Question

This study will be guided by the following questions;

1. Does infertility result to marital dissatisfaction among married women?
2. Does married women experience abusive treatment from spouse as a result of infertility?
3. Does married women experience physical and mental health challenges as a result of infertility?
4. Does married women experience the termination of marriage as result of infertility?
5. Does married women experience impaired quality of life due to the challenges associated with infertility?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study will serve as a material for enlightenment for mostly married couples, and the society at large. To a very great extent, this study will educate families on the need and how to manage family and societal pressures which are associated with the issue of infertility especially among women. The study will further caution the society on the implications of intruding into family matters as delicate as infertility, and the need to offer relevant support to victims of infertility not to add fire to the smoke. This study will add to the existing body of knowledge on medical sociology. It will create room for further research on the challenges associated with infertility among married women.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study is structured but delimited to the challenges associated with infertility among married women attending gynecological clinic at specialist hospital Bauchi.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. However, the researcher were able to manage these just to ensure the success of this study.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Childless:

The absence of children in a family resulting from the inability to conceive a child by married couple or death of existing children.

Couples:

This refers to a man and woman united and legally bounded in marriage.

Culture:

The arts, customs, beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute peoples’ way of life.

Fertility:

The condition, or the degree of being fertile

Infertility:

The inability to conceive after a period of 12 months of uncontrollable and unprotected sexual intercourse.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary

In this study, our focus was on the assessment of the challenges associated with infertility among married women attending gynecological clinic at specialist hospital Bauchi. The study is was specifically carried out to determine whether infertility results to marital dissatisfaction among married women, determine whether married women experience abusive treatment from spouse as a result of infertility, determine whether married women experience physical and mental health challenges as a result of infertility, ascertain whether married women experience the termination of marriage as result of infertility, and ascertain whether married women experience impaired quality of life due to the challenges associated with infertility.

The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 70 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent were married women attending gynecological clinic at specialist hospital Bauchi.

5.2 Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher concluded that;

1. Infertility result to marital dissatisfaction among married women.
2. Married women experiences abusive treatment from spouse as a result of infertility.
3. Married women experiences physical and mental health challenges as a result of infertility.
4. Married women experiences the termination of marriage as result of infertility.
5. Married women experiences impaired quality of life due to the challenges associated with infertility.

5.3 Recommendation

Based on the responses obtained, the researcher proffers the following recommendations:

1. Mass enlightenment of the public could help increase the knowledge of the causes of infertility among involuntary childless couples and also reduce feeling of inferiority complex among childless couples.
2. Childless couples should seek for medical treatment jointly.
3. Most of the childless women have financial problems to receive medical treatments. Government should give due attention in developing short term plans and programs that create affordable and accessible medical treatments for infertility and that guarantee old age security for the socially disadvantaged elderly childless women.

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