Assessment Of The Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Microorganisms Present In Yoghurt

Project and Seminar Material for Microbiology

Table of Content

Preliminary Page(s)

• Title
• Declaration
• Approval
• Dedication
• Acknowledgement
• Abstract
• Table of Content

Chapter One

1.0 Introduction

Chapter Two

2.0 Literature Review

• 2.1 Product Description
• 2.2 Production Of Yoghurt Materials:
• 2.3 Varieties In Yoghurt Presentation
• 2.4 Health Benefits Of Yoghurt
• 2.5 Nutritional Profile Of Yoghurt
• 2.6 Factor That Alter The Quality Of Yoghurt
• 2.7 Sources Of Microbial Contamination In Yoghurt:
• 2.8 Influence Of Cleaning Equipment And Sanitization

Chapter Three

3.0 Materials And Method

• 3.1 Materials
• 3.2 Sample Collection
• 3.3 Analysis Of Sample
• 3.4 Identification Of Isolates
• 3.4.1 Biochemical Tests
• 3.5 Antibiotic Sensitivity Test.

Chapter Four

4.0 Result

Chapter Five

5.0 Discussion/Conclusion

• References
• Appendix 1
• Composition And Preparation Of Media

Chapter One

1.0 Introduction

Yoghurt is a fermented dairy product obtained from the lactic acid fermentation of milk. It is one of the most popular fermented milk products in the world and produced commercially at home. (Willey et al., 2008). In its commercial production, non fat or low fat milk is pasteurized cooled to 43°c and are inoculated with known cultures of microorganisms referred to as starter cultures.

The starter cultures may be a pure culture of a particular species of Lactobacillus or a mixed culture of Streptococcus thermophilus andLactobacillus bulgaricus in a 1: 1 ratio. The coccus which is theStreptococcus thermophilus grows faster than the Rod which is theLactobacillus bulgaricus and is primarily responsible for acid production while the rod adds flavor and aroma. The growth of these Microorganisms causes the transformation of milk’s sugar, lactose into lactic acid. This process gives yoghurt it’s texture. The associative growth of the two organisms results in acid production at a rate greater than that produced by them individually.

Yoghurt is generally made from a standardized mixture containing whole milk, partially defatted milk, condensed skim milk cream and non fat dry milk. Alternatively milk may be partly concentrated by removal of 15- 20% water in a vacuum pan or by heating. While the microorganisms fermenting milk confers on it certain health benefits inadequate pasteurized milk may contain microorganism of special importance to man. (Boor and Murphy, 2002). In which its presence or absence in milk may reflect success or failure of good manufacturing practice (GMP) or cause infection when consumed together with food. This is of economic significance in Africa where the HIV/AIDS and cancer scourge has left the public who consume milk products immune suppressed and prone to bacterial and fungi infection. (Boor,2001).

Health complications associated with consumption of inadequately pasteurized milk products include serious infections that are hard, to treat with antibiotics. This becomes clinically significant if organisms isolated from an assessed sample is resistant to conventional antibiotics. Thus, can confer antibiotic resistance to the infected host while providing no alternative drug (Gould, 1994). Heat treated yoghurt do not contain lactic acid bacteria as these are killed during post fermentation. Yoghurt manufacturing companies mainly market “heat treat” yoghurt to prolong it’s shelf life (Hove et al, 1999). It is important however to evaluate the microbial gravity of some milk products sold in Nigeria. This project work aims at assessing the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of microorganisms present in yoghurt sold in Enugu.

Chapter Five

5.0 Discussion/Conclusion

The result showed that many of the Yoghurt samples were contaminated by microorganisms that have public health implications. The isolates especially the potentially pathogenic ones showed resistance againstmany of the antibiotics tested (Table 5). Staphylococcus showed resistance against Drovid, Amoxil, Septrin and Clindamycin and were slightly sensitive to cephalexin, ciprofloxacin but sensitive to Ampiclox and Norfloxcin.

Pseudomonas was also resistance to many of the antibiotics tested. Some of the antibiotic patterns reported in this work were also reported by Enabulele and Orikpete (2009). Their isolates however showed higher resistance pattern probably because they were isolated from clinical patients. The sensitivity pattern shown by Escherichia coli in this work is similar to that reported by Njoku (2009).

Conclusively, evaluated milk products clearly pose some yet undefined risks. This is of clinical significance in immuno suppressed people who may consume these product6. These groups of people should be conscious when consuming milk products as they may” ingest isolates resistant to some broad spectrum antibiotics. This is because the concentration of bacteria isolated from locally produced yoghurt in the area sample differs from one local’ producer to the other, and lack of standardization makes it hard to be sure of the quality of their products. The relatively high level of resistance to antimicrobial agents constitutes a major threat to public health as it may spread bacterial resistance among the populace who come in contact with such milk products. Since the analysis of the work carried out assessed local producers in Enugu City, it is important that the food monitoring bodies provides a standard for the local producers in order to reduce the risk that their products might pose to consumers

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