Aspects Of Migili Morphology
Aspects Of Migili Morphology
Chapter One
1.0 General Introduction
Language is the universal fabric that holds every individual of a community together. An instrument, used by man for communication within his environment, without which there would be no meaningful relationship between the human world. Language can also be referred to as the medium through which ideas, thoughts, and other forms of human communication are expressed or carried out.
In the metal compartment where all possible, meaningful and acceptable words are formed, there are certain rules that must be followed or certain conditions met before any word can be viewed as acceptable in any language. The branch of linguistics that studies the compatibility of such combinations and proposes the rules for their formation is called MORPHOLOGY. The basic concept of this branch is the morpheme, the smallest meaningful unit in grammar which may constitute a word or part of a word.
Every language has its own set of morphological rules which are strictly adhered to by members of its community. Such members , (Native speakers) share a great deal of unconscious knowledge about their language which helps in the acquisition of their first language with little or no formal instructions. In connection to morphology, the Migili language has been duely investigated with a view to finding/revealing the aspects of its morphological set up. The Migili people are a tribal group found in Agyaragu local government, Lafia, Nasarawa State. The first chapter of this research centers on areas such as the historical background of the Migili people, their socio-cultural profile, occupation, religion, festival, mode of dressing, marriage, genetic classification. Several other aspects will be reviewed in the latter chapters of the project work.
1.1 Historical Background of Migili
In an interview with the town chief (ZHE Migili) who is he traditional ruler and an autocrat, two major facts were revealed. One of them is the fact that the name of the language popularly known as Mijili is incorrect rather it is formally known as Migili. The second fact duely noted by him is that the Migili people are not part of the Hausa tribe as they have been mistakenly identified by many.
The Migili tribe has a long history which dates back to the old Kwararafa Kingdom in Taraba State. The Kwararafa kingdom comprised of different ethnic groups such as Eggon, Algo, Idoma, and the Gomai. Each tribe took turns in occupying leadership positions of the kingdom and a heir was selected from the royal home of each ethic group. But things changed when it was time for Akuka, a Migili descendant who was next in line to ascend the throne . Akuka was plotted against hence he could not become the next leader. This sparked up a lot of negative reactions from the Migili people as well as some other tribes who viewed such an action as unjust, a way through which they were deprived because of their small population. Together with all members of the tribe, Akuka moved down to a place called Ukari where they settled down for a while and later moved to Agyaragu in Lafia, Nasarawa State where they reside presently.
Today, the Migili people are known as settlers in Obi, Agyaragu local government, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. They can still be found in other places such as Minna, Abuja, Kubadha in Kaduna, Zuba e.t.c.The major population of about 18,000 people constitute about 96% of Obi Agyaragu local government area.
1.2 Socio – Cultural Profile
The Migili language is rich in both its social and cultural aspects. Some of these aspects are their festival, religion, marriage, occupation e.t.c
1.2.1 Occupation
The Migili people are predominantly farmers. This occupation ranges from young to old, male and female. They produce a lot of crops but their major cash product is yam. Yams are produced for transportation to different parts of the country and they also engage in inter – village sales with their neighbours who do not produce the types of crops that they do. Migili people also grow crop such as melon, beans, guinea corn, rice and millet.
1.2.2 Festival
There are two major festival celebrated by the Migili. These festivals are very important aspects of their culture as they expose their heritage and ancestral endowments. First is the farming season in which every farmer within the village premises is involved. During this farming season, they move from one indigenes farm to another in large groups cultivating, clearing and planting different types of crops for one another. After this has been done, a date is set to celebrate the harvest of these crops and this leads to the second festival which is the Odu festival.
The Odu festival is celebrated village – wide in Miligi. This is a period of harvesting of crops, celebration of the harvest, exchange of pleasantries and entertainment in the village square. During the festival, the Odu masquerade which represents their ancestral values is dressed in a colourful attire with which it displays great dancing steps to the amusement and applause of the villagers.
Another festival that is celebrated in the village is the demise of an elderly indigene. This is done with a type of dance called Abeni.
1.2.3 Religion
Before the arrival of the missionary, the Migili people were ardent traditionalists. They worshipped their ancestors some of which are Odu and Aleku. They had separate seasons at which sacrifices were made and worshipped them with dancing and entertainment. But things gradually began to change after the missionaries arrived thus most of them were converted to Christians, though a small population remain strictly traditional worshippers while some are Muslims.
1.2.4 Marriage
Marriage as an entity was approached from the early stages of childhood amongst the Migili people. Before the Missionary arrived, intercultural marriage was forbidden amongst them with serious consequences or punishment allotted the violation of such law. Marriage between indigenes was formally approached, by the father of the suitor, who informs the mother of the admired girl of his intention. Once an agreement has been reached, the first payment is made to confirm the betrothal of the female child who continues to live with her parents until the due age has been reached. The male child (suitor) then pays his first installment of her dowry and engages in farming activities for his in-laws once every year. But today the order of things have changed and marriage within and outside the tribe is now by choice hence enhancing inter-cultural relationship.
1.2.5 Mode of Dressing
The Migili dressing mode displays their cultural heritage, though their dressing is quite similar to that of the Hausa. Women wear short vests that expose their belly and long skirts that cover their legs, then they adorn their hands, forehead, lips and ankles with beads and bracelets. An interesting feature about their dressing is the plaiting of hair by both male and female indigenes. Though a bit of civilization has been introduced into their culture, hence influencing their dressing, a typical Migili indigene would still appear in colourful beads and bracelets.
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Summary
This study started with an introductory chapter that gives information about the language of study (Migili), investigating the historical background of the language, the speakers origin and settlement, their genetic classification, socio-cultural profile, scope and organization of study, data collection and data analysis.
In this essay, an attempt has been made to look into the morphology (study of word formation rules) in Migili language. The work started by giving definition of the term morphology, the concept of morphemes and how they combine in the language to form new words. The work comprehensively looks into the morpheme, its type and functions.
The combination of morphemes as seen in this long essay, is mediated by the morphological processes which includes affixation, borrowing, reduplication, compounding and refashioning. The work also covered some aspect of the Migili phonology looking into the sound inventory, tone inventory and syllable structure of the language.
Finally, a detailed work was carried out on the morphological processes in the Migili language using Migili examples.
Observations
At the end of the research, the following observations were made and registered on word formation in Migili language:
- It was observed that the language has more free morphemes than bound morphemes,
- That bound morphemes perform only inflectional functions,
- Prefixes and suffixes are present in the language but are only used to mark plural cases or as plural markers,
- It was also discovered that the language sometimes uses the same orthography form to represent words with entirely different meanings. example: drò → hare and drò → speak.
Conclusion
The focus of this study is to describe the word formation processes in Migili language. We have achieved this through ample and copious data to illustrate how each of these processes is attested in Migili language.
This also proves the fact that the morphological processes of affixation, compounding, borrowing, reduplication and refashioning are quiet present (though minimal) in the language.
In this essay, twenty eight consonants, nine oral vowels and seven nasal vowels were discovered.
Conclusively as part of contrition to learning, this long essay would be a useful guideline and reference book for future researchers, textbook writers and teachers of Migili language.
Recommendations
The researcher presents the following recommendations upon completing this research work;
- Parents need to speak and teach their children the native language so that they can achieve competence in their mother-tongue before they encounter a second language,
- The national language policy should recognize Migili language as a subject to be taught in areas largely populated by the Migili people,
- Native speakers of Migili language should be trained as teachers of the language to encourage its development,
- Linguists should make adequate research work on Migili language so as to make materials such as dictionaries and textbooks available for students, teachers and other researchers to learn more about the language,
- The government should make mother-tongue teachers available in schools. Provisions should also be made for some subjects to be taught in the mother tongue of some regions as this will give students solid foundation on the knowledge of their mother tongues.
