Appraisal On Factor That Influence Acceptance Of Family Planning
Appraisal On Factor That Influence Acceptance Of Family Planning
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the factors that influence acceptance of family planning among married women at paikon kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja. The study was carried out to examine the knowledge levels of married women on family planning in paikon kore , Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja, investigate the sources of married women information about family planning paikon kore , Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja, determine the attitude of married women towards family planning and contraceptives and determine the factors influencing married women not to be fully involved in accessing family planning services. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of married women at paikon kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 150 respondents and 141 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables and mean scores. While the hypotheses were tested using chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that the knowledge of married women on family planning in paikon kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja is low. The study also revealed that the factors that influence acceptance of family planning among married women includes: husband’s decision, cultural and religious belief, educational background, and level of income. Therefore, it is recommended that there is a need for government and non-governmental agencies to keep health care providers updated in the trend of modern contraceptives available through in service training and workshops targeted at improving knowledge on the various types and functions of modern contraceptive methods. To mention but a few.
Table of Content
- Title Page
- Certification
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Content
- List of Tables
- Abstract
Chapter One:
Introduction
- 1.1 Background of the Study
- 1.2 Statement of the Problem
- 1.3 Objective of the Study
- 1.4 Research Questions
- 1.5 Research Hypothesis
- 1.6 Significance of the Study
- 1.7 Scope of the Study
- 1.8 Limitation of the Study
- 1.9 Definition of Terms
- 1.10 Organisations of the Study
Chapter Two:
Review of Literature
- 2.1 Conceptual Framework
- 2.2 Theoretical Framework
- 2.3 Empirical Review
Chapter Three:
Research Methodology
- 3.1 Research Design
- 3.2 Population of the Study
- 3.3 Sample Size Determination
- 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
- 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Validity of the Study
- 3.9 Reliability of the Study
- 3.10 Ethical Consideration
Chapter Four:
Data Presentation and Analysis
- 4.1 Data Presentation
- 4.2 Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Answering Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
Chapter Five:
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Conclusion
- 5.3 Recommendation
- References
- APPENDIX
- QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Family planning is known to be one of the most popular practices of birth control worldwide, (WHO, 2009). It is the ability of individuals and couples to attain their desired number and spacing of their children through contraceptive use. It is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions and is pivotal to reducing the country’s rate of child birth. It was further stated that the rate of child birth decline is a means of achieving a demographic dividend, with the consequent potential of reducing poverty, boosting economic growth and contributing to the overall well-being of families and societies.
Nigeria, the seventh most populous nation in the world, contains a calculable population of 186 million that was projected to achieve 285 million by 2050 (United Nations 2013). There was an estimated 35 million women of reproductive age in the country, with an annual number of births of approximately 7 million and annual population growth of 2.9% per annum. The country’s rapid population growth was attributable to a high total fertility rate (TFR) of 5.5 children per woman (National Population Commission 2014).
It has been estimated that in Nigeria a reduction in rate of child birth by one child per woman would lead to a 13% increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita within 20 years and improve maternal health (Ashraf, Weil, & Wilde 2013). Contraception as a method of family planning promotes survival of infants as it supports birth spacing and reduces high-risk pregnancies. Achieving adequate birth spacing could reduce child mortality by 20 percent or more, particularly in developing countries with myriads of socio-economic problems (World Health Organization (WHO), 2014).
Contraceptives, especially pills, contain a small amount of man-made estrogen and progestin hormones. These hormones work to inhibit the body’s natural cyclical hormones to prevent pregnancy. Pregnancy can be prevented by a combination of factors. The oral contraceptive usually stops the body from ovulating. Hormonal contraceptives also change the cervical mucus to make it difficult for the sperm to go through the cervix and find an egg. Hormonal contraceptives can also prevent pregnancy by changing the lining of the womb so it is unlikely the fertilized egg will be implanted.
Contraception has been used worldwide since ancient times. Writings in Egyptian papyri, the Bible, and Greek and Roman texts indicate the usage of various herb and root preparations for contraception and abortion (Agboola, 2006). Decisions regarding the timing of pregnancy and control over family size continue to be important issues for all adults. When families use modern contraception methods, they are empowered to determine the timing, number and spacing of their children, reducing deaths and improving the health of both mothers and their babies. Family planning also involves ensuring access to preferred contraceptive methods for women and couples is essential to securing the well-being and autonomy of women, while supporting the health and development of families and communities.( Johns Hopkins Center For Communication, 2018). In many cultures, even discussing modern contraception is off-limits.
There are different methods of contraception including, long acting reversible contraception such as the implant or intra uterine device (IUD), Hormonal contraception such as the pill or the Depo-Provera injection, Barrier methods such as Condoms, Emergency Contraception, Fertility awareness, Permanent contraception such as vasectomy and tubal ligation.
Despite, the campaign on the usefulness of family planning services in having smaller and healthier families, (Studies by National Population Commission (NPC) Nigeria 2014) indicated that contraceptive use is still low in many developing countries, including Nigeria where 23.7% of currently married women had ever used one. Fortunately, majority of Nigerian women are aware of family planning, but very few of them make use of it for birth control (Lasisi, Bassey, Ita & Awoyemi, 2014).
Family planning studies have identified a number of factors as significant variables in a couple’s decision about family planning (Undelikwo, Osonwa, Ushie & Osonwa, 2013). The more common variables are degrees of communication between couples, a couple’s educational level and whether they are resident in urban or rural area. While such factors are likely to influence family planning decisions universally, there are culture-specific factors such as adherence to traditional ideals like number of living children and male child preference, and expectations which, in the case of several African groups, may override the universal variables.
Traditional values feature prominently because the cultural valuation of children is evident in studies which vindicate that among Nigerians, “having fewer than five surviving children negatively affected the use of family planning methods” (Lawoyin, Osinowo, Babatunde, Bajomo, Betiku, Biakolo, Busari & Fehintola, 2002). Such inverse relationship may derive from traditional valuation of children not only as economic and political assets, but as indicators of status relative to other members of a community. Traditionalism is further compounded by the perception of husbands who may see their wives use of contraceptives as undermining their roles as household /heads or as likely to encourage promiscuity (Oni & McCarthy, 1991). In that respect, family planning decisions excludes the wife who not only succumbs to marital expectations, but also to communal ideas of valuation of child birth.
Experts believe that the healthiest interval between a woman’s previous birth and her new pregnancy is at least two years and by preventing closely spaced births, family planning could save the lives of more than 2 million infants and children annually. It has also been shown that babies born less than two years after the next oldest sibling are more than twice as likely to die in the first year compared to those born after an interval of three years (Undelikwo et al., 2013). It was further stated that like many other developing nations, majority of Nigeria’s population (about 70%) live in the rural communities, these rural communities have very high fertility rate with low contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) 8% as compared with 18% in the urban areas in Nigeria as many rural women are reluctant to accept artificial method of contraception.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Population growth in Nigeria continues to increase at an alarming rate. The population growth rate is estimated to be 2.9 per cent per year (National Population Commission NPC 2006) which still remains high as per the government target. This is an indicator that acceptance of family planning services is low and needs to be addressed with great attention to avert the situation. NPC (2004) reported that Nigeria adds about 3.5 million people to its population annually. If this growth rate is not checked, the population will double in about 24 years and this will have enormous implications on the economy and the overall development of the country.
In rural areas where poverty levels are high, the situation is likely to be worse. Lasisi et al (2014) demonstrated that education, marital status, woman’s income, and other demographic and socio-economic factors affect acceptance of family planning services, the significance of these factors have not been determined for the married women living in Paikon Kore Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja. It is on this premise that this study will examine the factors that influence acceptance of family planning by married women in Paikon Kore Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja. It was also stated that with the alarming increase in population growth (child birth) and the rising prevalence of health related cases such as abortion, child birth mortality, maternal mortality, child birth complications hypertension, (Lasisi, Bassey, Ita & Awoyemi, 2014). This study investigated on appraisal on factor that influence acceptance of family planning among the married women at paikon kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of this study is to examine the factors that influence acceptance of family planning among married women at Pazikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja. The study will specifically assess the objectives below;
- To examine knowledge of married women on family planning in Pazikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja.
- Investigate the sources of married women information about family planning Pazikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja.
- Determine the attitude of married women towards family planning and contraceptives.
- Determine the factors influencing married women acceptance of family planning services.
1.4 Research Questions
The study will be guided by the following questions;
- What is the knowledge of married women on family planning in Paikon Kore , Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja?
- What are the sources of married women information about family planning Paikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja?
- What is the attitude of married women towards family planning and contraceptives?
- What are the factors influencing married women acceptance of family planning services?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
- Ho: There are no significant factors influencing women’s acceptance of family planning.
- Ha: There are significant factors influencing women’s acceptance of family planning.
1.6 Significance of the Study
It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide necessary information that will enhance activities and programs towards the practice of family planning to be appropriately conducted. Furthermore, the findings will also be relevant to those who intend to carry out a similar research topic as it has contributed to the existing literature. Finally, the research will serve as a fuel of new reasoning and further research work on knowledge, attitude and practices of women towards family planning services, and to health science students, lecturers and the general public.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The broad objective of this study is to examine the factors that influence acceptance of family planning among married women at Paikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja The study will further examine the knowledge levels of married women on family planning in Paikon Kore , Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja, investigate the sources of married women information about family planning Paikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja, determine the attitude of married women towards family planning and contraceptives, and determine the factors influencing married women acceptance of family planning services.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. In addition, there was the element of researcher bias. Here, the researcher possessed some biases that may have been reflected in the way the data was collected, the type of people interviewed or sampled, and how the data gathered was interpreted thereafter. The potential for all this to influence the findings and conclusions could not be downplayed.
More so, the findings of this study are limited to the sample population in the study area, hence they may not be suitable for use in comparison to other local governments, states, and other countries in the world.
1.9 Definition of Term
Contraceptive:
Contraceptive is designed to prevent pregnancy. Birth control methods may work in a number of different ways: Preventing sperm from getting to the eggs. Types include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and contraceptive sponges.
Family Planning:
The ability of individuals and couples to attain their desired number of children and plan the spacing and timing of their births through use of contraceptive methods.
1.10 Organization of the Study
The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings on the factors that influence acceptance of family planning among married women at Paikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.
5.2 Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was to examine the factors that influence acceptance of family planning among married women at Paikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja. The study is was specifically carried out to examine the knowledge levels of married women on family planning in Paikon Kore , Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja, investigate the sources of married women information about family planning paikon kore , Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja, determine the attitude of married women towards family planning and contraceptives and determine the factors influencing married women not to be fully involved in accessing family planning services.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 141 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent were married women at Paikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja.
5.3 Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher concluded that;
The knowledge levels of married women on family planning in Paikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja is low.
The sources of married women information about family planning Paikon Kore, Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja includes: antenatal clinic, television/radio, friends and church .
Married women has negative attitude towards family planning and contraceptives use.
The factors influencing married women acceptance of family planning services includes: husband’s decision, cultural and religious belief, educational background, and level of income.
5.3 Recommendation
From the result of the study, the following recommendations were made:
- There is a need for government and non-governmental agencies to keep health care providers updated in the trend of modern contraceptives available through in service training and workshops targeted at improving knowledge on the various types and functions of modern contraceptive methods.
- Also, health care providers should be enlightened on the importance of providing Long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) as the best contraceptive. method for male as stated in the WHO medical eligibility criteria.
- Awareness campaigns should be carried out targeting married men on the importance of contraceptives in preventing unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases as this could encourage them to uptake contraceptives.
- To improve married men reproductive health, it is recommended that access to a comprehensive range of a friendly information, counselling and behaviour change communication in order to foster the adoption of healthy sexual behaviour and enable them take control of their health is provided.
- There is a need for the introduction of evidence based guidelines regarding the available contraceptive services for married men to assist the HCPs with different choices.
- Health care providers should properly explicate the side effects of family planning to women to enable them make take proper decision that would help them and their family at large
- Religious and social leaders should properly educate their subjects to see the danger associated with producing children that you cannot carter for.
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