Accounting Information And Performance Of Financial Institutions In The 21st Century Business Environment In Nigeria

Project and Seminar Material for Accountancy / Accounting

Accounting Information And Performance Of Financial Institutions In The 21st Century Business Environment In Nigeria

Abstract

This research work highlights the result of a research carried out to examine the relevance of accounting information in performance of Financial Institutions in the 21st century Business Environment. A substantial aspect of the study involved collecting data through the instrumentation of questionnaires and interview. The data collected were classified, analysed and the percentages of the findings presented in a table.

The hypothesis was then statistically tested with chi-square in which the calculated value of chi-square equals 14.357 and is greater than the critical value of 5.991. This result showed that accounting information is a tool for management decision making hence, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternate hypothesis accepted. Based on the findings, it was recommended that managerial decision making in organisations should be an offspring of accounting information.

Table of Content

Chapter One:

Introduction

  • 1.1 Background of the Study
  • 1.2 Statement of the Problem
  • 1.3 Objective of the Study
  • 1.4 Research Questions
  • 1.5 Research Hypotheses
  • 1.5 Significance of the Study
  • 1.6 Scope of the Study
  • 1.7 Limitation of the Study
  • 1.8 Definition of Terms
  • 1.9 Organisations of the Study

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

  • 2.1 Conceptual Framework
  • 2.2 Theoretical Framework
  • 2.3 Empirical Review

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

  • 3.1 Research Design
  • 3.2 Population of the Study
  • 3.3 Sample Size Determination
  • 3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure
  • 3.5 Research Instrument and Administration
  • 3.6 Method of Data Collection
  • 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
  • 3.8 Validity of the Study
  • 3.9 Reliability of the Study
  • 3.10 Ethical Consideration

Chapter Four:

Data Presentation and Analysis

  • 4.1 Data Presentation
  • 4.2 Analysis of Data
  • 4.3 Answering Research Questions

Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

  • 5.1 Summary
  • 5.2 Conclusion
  • 5.3 Recommendation
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of Study

Accounting is fundamentally a measurement and communication process used to report on the activity of profit and non-profit seeking organizations. In other words, it is concerned with the discipline of summarizing, recording, analysing and interpreting economic events and other financial activities. This process is performed by accountants who furnish management with the relevant information needed for effective and efficient decision making as to contribute to the quest for means of surmounting industrial, commercial, governmental and academic problems inherent in a dynamic and volatile socio-economic and political setting. The chambers 20th century dictionary defines information as “intelligence given-knowledge”. This is because reliable information is necessary before a sound decision involving the allocation of scarce resource (land, labour and capital) can be made, that is why accounting profession is dynamic and there is always the need for an accountant to continually update his/her knowledge of accounting portfolio. Accounting information is valuable because it can be used to predict the financial consequences of each alternative course of action. An organization needs quantitative information to function or make decision. Management uses the best available information system to

provide management information which is used primarily to accomplish three broad purposes;

  1. To provide financial statement to the interest of external users,
  2. To plan the organization activities and operations in both short and long run, and
  3. To control the result of its

The American Accounting Association (1966) also defined accounting as “the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information”. Another definition, which is widely accepted, is by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (1970) defined accounting as “the art of recording, classifying and summarizing an event which is in part at least of a financial character and interpreting the result thereof”.

The above definition place emphasis on the use of accounting information for evaluating the results of the past and present activities and making decisions concerning future actions. The information is primarily financial and generally stated in monetary terms. It is the process by which the profitability and solvency of an organization can be measured and also periodic information needed as a basis for making business decision and appropriate control that will enable the management to guide the organisation on a profitable and solvent

course. The accounting information is prepared and presented in form of financial statement in accordance with the accounting standard issued by the Nigerian Accounting Standard Board Act (2003) which are the means of conveying to management and interested outsiders a concise picture of the profitability and financial position of the business. The form of preparing and presenting accounting information includes the following; the profit and loss account, balance sheet, income statement etc.

Hence, accounting is divided into three (3), namely;

  1. Financial accounting
  2. Cost accounting, and
  3. Management accounting

According to Leopold (1982), he said that, financial accounting “is concerned with providing information on the financial activities of the organization for the benefit of both internal and external users”. It is also the classification, recording of monetary transaction of an entity in accordance with establish concepts, principles, accounting standard and legal requirement and presentation of a view of those translations during and at the end of an accounting period.

While cost accounting on the other hand produce information about cost that are incurred by organization in running the organization so as to achieve the objectives on which it is set up.

Finally, Calvin (1982), stated that management accounting “is concerned with providing information to management for the purpose of planning or provision of information needed at all levels”. Management and creditors use these reports internally.

Stamford (1978) stated that accounting information has played a role as “a tool for management decision making” because it function as “a historical record of contractual obligations between the outsiders with the end product in form of financial statements to report the financial status of an organization at a point in time”.

However, the relevance of accounting information to effective management decision making in many organisation is still not appreciated but with the test to be conducted in this research, the degree of accounting information as a “tool for management decision making” shall be clearly understood.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Management who takes wrong decision always end up not achieving their set goals and objectives. Many managers who think that they can operate successfully without the use of information provided by their accountants, leads

to economic failure such as liquidation of many banks. So, effective decision or management decision cannot be taken by managers if the information provided by their accountants is not properly adhered to. Accounting information answer questions such as;

  1. Are the disclosures of accounting information accurate and reliable?
  2. Is accounting information prepared with General Accepted Accounting Principle (GAAP)?
  3. Does accounting information as a tool for decision making satisfy the management?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The overall aim of this study is to critically examine accounting information and performance of financial institutions in the 21st century business environment in Nigeria. Hence, the study will be channeled to the following specific objectives;

  1. Determine if accounting information is needful for effective management decision-making.
  2. Determine the extent to which the management of the organisation under review have used the accounting information.
  3. Determine whether accounting information as a tool for decision making satisfy the management.
  4. Ascertain whether accounting information have contributed to the profitability of the organization.

1.4 Research Question

The study will be guided by the following questions;

  1. Is accounting information needful for effective management decision-making in the organization?
  2. To what extent does the management of the organisation utilize accounting information?
  3. Does accounting information as a tool for decision making satisfy the management?
  4. Has accounting information contributed to the profitability of the organization?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The study will validate the following statement;

  • H01: Accounting information as a tool for decision making does not satisfy the management.
  • H02: Accounting information have not contributed to the profitability of the organization.

1.6 Significance of Study

The study is aimed at establishing whether there is any correlation between the accounting information provided by the account department (accountants) and the decision made thereof by the users of the information, most importantly management of organizations.

These groups will benefit from the research namely;

  • The organization under study
  • Business Managers
  • Future researchers, and
  • The researcher personally.

1.7 Scope of Study

The research work will cover certain aspect of accounting systems operational in an organization and types of reports prepared for decision making. The relationship that exist between accounting information and management decision making will be examined and some related literature in the field of the study will be reviewed and incorporated. The study will also be limited to the importance of each branch of accounting and the type of information they prepare, usefulness of each of the information prepared by individual segment of the branches of accounting, examples financial accounting section, management accounting section and cost accounting section. This study will comprise some selected branches of First Bank in Aba, Abia State.

1.8 Limitation

The project is limited by many factors which posed as snags or obstacles to the smooth compilation of the work. It is important that users of the work note the limitations in the course of carrying out the work. The significant problems faced include the following;

Economic Trend

The global economic meltdown, which apparently affected the Nigerian economy ate deep into the Banking sector of the economy destroying the shares value of all financial institutions in the Country and resulted in poor performance. This has a psychological impact on the respondents.

Finance

The economic turndown coupled with inflation has increasingly raised the cost of materials. This led to the devaluation of Naira affecting every aspect of the Nigerian economy. The impact of this on the study is enormous limiting visits to the respondents and qualitative materials for carrying the study.

Time

Time is another limiting factor which acted as a snag to the completion of the project, though lengthy period was given for the submission of the work but considering the academic pressure coupled with the writing of the project made things not too really easy for the research.

Non-Disclosure

There are some vital as well as important information which the Bank refused to disclose for security reasons. Incomplete and lack of availability of records, which was considered to be very useful, were referred to as confidential.

However, time and financial constraints are the most impactful limitation to the study. Finally, despite all limitations and constraints, the research contained the necessary relevant resource material and to- date data obtained, analysed and provided in the work.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Accounting

This is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information.

Information

This is a complete set of processed data that has a meaning.

Accounting Information

These are processed data used by an organization to make financial decision.

Financial Accounting

It is the process of collecting, classifying, recording, summarizing and communicating data in respect of event, which can be expressed in terms of money for the purpose of making decisions.

Accountant

This is a professional whose job is to prepare and keep the books of account of an organization.

Management Accounting

This is a process of allocating resources by planning, organizing, controlling and directing for the purpose of producing desired output.

Management

This means a group of decision makers or managers in an organization who see to the smooth running of the affairs of the business.

Assets

These are the economic resources of the business that can usefully be expressed in monetary terms. Assets may be in form of land, building and equipment which have readily identifiable physical features.

Liabilities

These are the debts or obligations of the company in which the company must pay in money or services at some time in future. They therefore, represent creditors’ claims on the firm’s assets.

Balance sheet

This is a financial statement that shows the financial position of a firm at a specific date, usually at the close of the last day in the month of an accounting period. It represents the listing of a firm’s assets, liabilities and owner’s equity on a given date.

1.10 Organization of the Study

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

  • Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study.
  • Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature.
  • Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study.
  • Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.
  • Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations:

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the findings on accounting information and performance of financial institutions in the 21st century business environment in Nigeria using some selected branches of First Bank in Aba, Abia State as a case study. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.

5.2 Summary of the Study

In this study, our focus was on accounting information and performance of financial institutions in the 21st century business environment in Nigeria using some selected branches of First Bank in Aba, Abia State as a case study.The study is was specifically carried out to; determine if accounting information is needful for effective management decision-making, determine the extent to which the management of the organisation under review have used the accounting information, determine whether accounting information as a tool for decision making satisfy the management, and ascertain whether accounting information have contributed to the profitability of the organization.

The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 100 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent were workers in the financial department of selected branches of First Bank in Aba, Abia State.

5.3 Conclusions

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher concluded that;

  1. Accounting information is needful for effective management decision-making.
  2. The extent to which the management of the organisation utilizes accounting information is high.
  3. Accounting information as a tool for decision making satisfies the management.
  4. Accounting information have contributed to the profitability of the organization.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.

  1. Efforts should be made at employing professional staff with transparent honest ways of performance and also, due punishment should be given to fraudulent staff.
  2. Seminar / training should be given to staff of accounting department to enable them specialize more on the field of accounting.
  3. The stakeholder, investors and other user should be meeting at interval so as to assist the management in the achievement of the organisation goals.
  4. Use of modern devices like computer should be introduced to the staff to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in decision making.
  5. Special panel or auditor should be introduced to ensure the accuracy of the accounting information so that the user should not be deceived.
  6. The accounting information generated should be readily available for decision making.
  7. The qualities of accounting information which include timeliness, clarity, relevance and accessibility of the information should be a guild in providing accounting information.

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